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Assessing the performance of pepper spray in use-of-force encounters: the Dutch experience

机译：评估胡椒喷雾在武力相遇中的表现：荷兰的经验

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摘要

Purpose - This paper examines potential correlates of the effectiveness of oleoresin capsicum (OC) or pepper spray and police officer satisfaction with its performance during use-of-force encounters. Design/methodology/approach - Based on surveys completed by police officers, superior officers, and substitute prosecutors, data on nearly 800 uses of OC by Dutch police forces occurring between June 1, 2001 and December 31, 2002 were obtained. Ordered and generalized ordered logistic regressions are used for the analysis. Findings - The paper shows that although OC was generally effective, it was less effective on suspects under the influence of drugs, violent suspects, minority suspects, and suspects who were warned before being exposed to OC. Officers with more job experience reported OC as being more effective than officers with less experience. OC reduced aggressiveness among suspects already aggressive, but it induced aggression among initially non-aggressive subjects. The vast majority of officers were satisfied with OC's performance during the study period, although ratings were affected by its ability to ease arrests, incapacitate suspects, and reduce suspect aggressiveness. Research limitations/implications - The OC incidents on which the analysis is based are a subset of all actual uses, and thus may not be representative. Several of the regressors are based on officer perception, and may be subject to measurement error. Practical implications - The findings in this paper have implications for police policy, practice, and training, and officer and suspect safety. Originality/value - This is one of very few studies to use multiple-regression to examine correlates of OC effectiveness and officer satisfaction, and it expands upon the prior literature by including additional measures of OC performance. The results should be of value to law enforcement agencies and officers using OC, and those considering its adoption.
机译：目的-本文研究了油精辣椒素（OC）或胡椒喷雾的有效性与警务人员在使用武力时的表现满意度之间的潜在相关性。设计/方法/方法-根据警官，上级警官和替代检察官完成的调查，获得了2001年6月1日至2002年12月31日期间荷兰警察部队近800次使用OC的数据。有序和广义有序逻辑回归用于分析。调查结果-该文件显示，虽然OC通常有效，但对受毒品，暴力嫌疑人，少数民族嫌疑人和在暴露于OC之前受到警告的嫌疑人的影响下，对嫌疑犯的效果较差。具有更多工作经验的官员表示，OC比没有经验的官员更有效率。 OC降低了已经具有攻击性的嫌疑人的攻击性，但是却在最初没有攻击性的受试者中引起了攻击。尽管评估受到其缓解逮捕，使犯罪嫌疑人无能为力和减少犯罪嫌疑人的能力的影响，但绝大多数官员对OC在研究期间的表现感到满意。研究的局限性/意义-分析所基于的OC事件是所有实际用途的子集，因此可能不具有代表性。某些回归变量是基于官员的感知而来的，可能会导致测量误差。实际意义-本文的研究结果对警察的政策，实践和培训以及警官和嫌疑人的安全都有影响。原创性/价值-这是使用多元回归检验OC有效性和军官满意度相关性的极少数研究之一，并且它通过包括其他OC绩效测量来扩展现有文献。结果对于使用OC的执法机构和官员以及正在考虑采用OC的人员来说应该是有价值的。

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