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The stronger, the better? A natural experiment on the effects of pepper spray concentration levels

机译：更强，更好？ 辣椒喷雾浓度水平影响的自然实验

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Purpose Oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray has proven to be a relatively effective tool to subdue resistant or aggressive subjects without causing major and permanent injuries. Several products are available to law enforcement organizations and sprays with higher concentrations are sold as more effective, despite the lack of empirical evidence. This article aims to test the proposition that more concentrated OC sprays are more effective in a policing context. Design/methodology/approach To test this proposition, retrospective data on police interventions that had occurred (N = 1,019) were used. Concentrations were divided in three levels: level 1 sprays (containing up to 0.49% of major capsaicinoids), level 2 sprays (from 0.5% to 0.99%) and level 3 sprays (between 1 and 1.33%). Propensity scores were calculated to estimate the average effect of concentration level on effectiveness, while controlling for confounding factors. Findings Level 1 and level 2 sprays were found to be similar in terms of effectiveness, but level 3 sprays were found to be more likely to have an immediate effect but were also related to higher chances that decontamination was needed after use. Originality/value While several studies of the effectiveness of OC spray in general have been conducted in the past, this is one of the few to differentiate types of OC sprays according to their concentration level. As such, it aims to provide guidance to police organizations who must choose among a variety of products.
机译：目的辣椒油树脂（OC）喷射已被证明是一个比较有效的手段来制服性或攻击对象，而不会造成重大和永久的伤害。一些产品可用于执法机构，并与高浓度的喷雾剂出售更有效，尽管缺乏经验证据。本文旨在测试命题比较集中OC喷雾剂是在治安方面更有效。设计/方法/办法要测试这个命题，使用上所发生的警察干预（N = 1019）的回顾性资料。浓度三个层次分为：1级喷雾剂（含有至多主要辣椒素类0.49％），第2级喷雾剂（从0.5％至0.99％）和级别3喷雾剂（1和1.33％之间）。倾向得分计算来估算有效性浓度水平的平均效果，同时控制混杂因素。发现1级和2级喷雾剂被认为是在有效性方面相似，但发现3级喷雾剂更容易有立竿见影的效果，但也涉及到较高的机会，使用后必须消毒。虽然OC喷雾的一般效力的一些研究在过去已经进行的独创性/价值，这是为数不多的根据自己的浓度水平来区分类型OC喷雾剂之一。因此，它的目的是提供指导，组织民警谁必须的多种产品中进行选择。

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