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The development of wild immature Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) at Ketambe

机译：Ketambe野生未成熟苏门答腊猩猩（Pongo abelii）的发育

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摘要

Orangutans have the longest immature period and inter-birth interval of all ape species. This may be explained by a slow life history, the need to develop skills or by their relatively solitary lifestyle, which prevents a mother from associating with two offspring. This study of wild immature orangutans at the Ketambe Research Station, Indonesia, describes, with partly cross-sectional, partly longitudinal data, their development to independence. The study subjects ranged from 1 to 11 years of age. Data on their activity budget, diet, mother–offspring proximity and maintenance of proximity, association with conspecifics and play behavior were collected. The results indicate that immature orangutans can provide for their own food and transport, and therefore were independent of direct maternal care, at an age of possibly 3 but more clearly 6 years. This is similar to chimpanzees, and refutes the slow life history hypothesis. Immature orangutans remain within their mother’s vicinity until the age of 8 years, indicating a dependence on indirect maternal care, and this coincides with the period during which the mother does not produce another offspring. A female orangutan seems unable to associate with an older immature while caring for a new infant. This is consistent with the solitary-lifestyle hypothesis and corroborates the results obtained with the Sumatran orangutan population at Suaq Balimbing. However, why an immature depends indirectly on its mother for such a long period remains unclear. It is possible that it needs to develop ecological or social skills or needs the protection of its mother. Unfortunately, no data were available to distinguish between these possibilities.
机译：在所有猿类中，猩猩的未成熟期和生育间隔最长。这可能是由于生活史缓慢，需要发展技能或他们相对孤独的生活方式所造成的，这阻止了母亲与两个后代交往。印度尼西亚Ketambe研究站对野生未成熟猩猩的这项研究用部分横截面，部分纵向数据描述了它们的独立性。研究对象的年龄为1至11岁。收集了有关他们的活动预算，饮食，母子亲近度和亲近度维持，与特定物种的关联以及游戏行为的数据。结果表明，不成熟的猩猩可以提供自己的食物和运输，因此独立于直接的孕产妇保健，其年龄可能为3岁，但更明显的是6岁。这类似于黑猩猩，并驳斥了慢生活史的假设。未成熟的猩猩会一直留在母亲的身边，直到8岁，这表明他们需要间接的母体照料，而这恰好与母亲不再生育后代的时期相吻合。一只雌性猩猩在照顾新婴儿时似乎无法与年龄较大的未成熟个体交往。这与孤独生活方式假说是一致的，并证实了在苏阿格巴林宾的苏门答腊猩猩种群获得的结果。但是，为什么这么长的时间不成熟会间接地依赖其母亲仍然不清楚。它可能需要发展生态或社交技能，或者需要保护其母亲。不幸的是，没有可用的数据来区分这些可能性。

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