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Spreading the Gains from Globalization

机译：传播全球化带来的收益

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In recent years, globalization has been associated with increasing inequality within and between countries, and with a stubbornly large share of the world's population living in poverty. If the "losers" had been confined to those who did not participate in the global economy, then the policy implications would be clear-join the rush. But, when (as is the case) the "losers" include those who have participated in global processes, then the policy challenge is much more daunting. It is not so much a matter of whether to participate in global processes, but how to do so in a way that provides sustainable income growth for poor people and for poor countries. In these circumstances, policy needs to address processes of production and product development, including both intrafirm organization and the relationship between firms. It also needs to address the ways in which poor producers and poor countries connect with producers and consumers in the global economy. Value-chain analysis-which includes the whole cycle of the organization, production, and delivery of products from inception to use and recycling-provides a tool for mapping these crucial domains of private and public policy. But, more than that, by focusing on the dynamic shifting of producer rents through the chain, on the processes whereby key actors provide governance to production that occurs on a global basis, value-chain analysis provides important insights into the policy challenges confronting both private and public actors. This article reviews the unequal character of recent processes of globalization, summarizes the key theoretical concepts that characterize the concept of value chains, and illustrates the contribution of value-chain analysis through summaries of four chain case studies (fresh fruit and vegetables, canned deciduous fruit, footwear, and automobile components). It concludes with a discussion of practical ways of how value-chain analysis can inform policy.
机译：近年来，全球化与国家内部和国家之间日益加剧的不平等以及世界上生活在贫困中的人口比例居高不下有关。如果“失败者”仅限于那些不参与全球经济的人，那么政策影响将是显而易见的。但是，（在这种情况下）“失败者”包括参与全球进程的那些失败者，那么政策挑战就更加艰巨。与其说是否参与全球进程，还不如说是一个问题，而是如何以能够为穷人和穷国提供可持续收入增长的方式进行。在这种情况下，政策需要解决生产和产品开发过程，包括公司内部组织和企业之间的关系。它还需要解决贫穷生产者和贫穷国家与全球经济中的生产者和消费者建立联系的方式。价值链分析-包括产品的组织，生产和交付（从开始到使用和回收）的整个周期-提供了一种工具，用于映射私人和公共政策的这些关键领域。但是，更重要的是，通过关注生产者租金在整个链中的动态转移，关键参与者为全球范围内的生产提供治理的过程，价值链分析可以提供重要见解，以解决私营企业和私营企业所面临的政策挑战。和公共演员。本文回顾了近期全球化进程的不平等特征，总结了表征价值链概念的关键理论概念，并通过对四个链条案例研究（新鲜水果和蔬菜，水果罐头，水果罐头）的总结说明了价值链分析的贡献。 ，鞋类和汽车零部件）。最后讨论了价值链分析如何为政策提供信息的实用方法。

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