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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >The chemistry of eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit.
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The chemistry of eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit.

机译：窃听，警报和欺骗的化学性质。

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Arthropods that prey on or parasitize other arthropods frequently employ those chemical cues that reliably indicate the presence of their prey or hosts. Eavesdropping on the sex pheromone signals emitted to attract mates allows many predators and parasitoids to find and attack adult insects. The sex pheromones are also useful signals for egg parasitoids since eggs are frequently deposited on nearby plants soon after mating. When the larval stages of insects or other arthropods are the targets, a different foraging strategy is employed. The larvae are often chemically inconspicuous, but when they feed on plants the injured plants respond by producing and releasing defensive chemicals. These plant chemicals may also serve as "alarm signals" that are exploited by predators and parasitoids to locate their victims. There is considerable evidence that the volatile "alarm signals" are induced by interactions of substances from the herbivore with the damaged plant tissue. A very different strategy is employed by several groups of spiders that remain stationary and send out chemical signals that attract prey. Some of these spiders prey exclusively on male moths. They attract the males by emitting chemicals identical to the sex pheromones emitted by female moths. These few examples indicate the diversity of foraging strategies of arthropod predators and parasitoids. It is likely that many other interesting chemically mediated interactions between arthropod hunters and their victims remain to be discovered. Increased understanding of these systems will enable us to capitalize on natural interactions to develop more ecologically sound, environmentally safe methods for biological control of insect pests of agriculture.
机译：捕食或寄生其他节肢动物的节肢动物经常使用能够可靠地表明其猎物或宿主存在的化学线索。窃听为吸引伴侣而发出的性信息素信号可以使许多食肉动物和寄生虫找到并攻击成年昆虫。性信息素也是卵类寄生虫的有用信号，因为卵通常在交配后不久就沉积在附近的植物上。当以昆虫或其他节肢动物的幼虫阶段为目标时，采用了不同的觅食策略。幼虫在化学上通常不起眼，但是当它们以植物为食时，受伤的植物通过产生和释放防御性化学物质来作出反应。这些植物化学物质还可以作为“警报信号”，被捕食者和寄生物利用以定位其受害者。有相当多的证据表明，挥发性的“警报信号”是由食草动物的物质与受损植物组织的相互作用引起的。几组蜘蛛会采用一种非常不同的策略，这些蜘蛛保持静止并发出吸引猎物的化学信号。其中一些蜘蛛仅捕食雄蛾。它们通过释放与雌性飞蛾释放的性信息素相同的化学物质吸引雄性。这几个例子说明了节肢动物食肉动物和寄生动物觅食策略的多样性。节肢动物猎人与其受害者之间还有许多其他有趣的化学介导相互作用可能仍有待发现。对这些系统的更多了解将使我们能够利用自然相互作用来开发更加生态安全，对环境安全的方法，用于农业害虫的生物防治。

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