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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >SELF-RECOGNITION IN PRIMATES - PHYLOGENY AND THE SALIENCE OF SPECIES-TYPICAL FEATURES
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SELF-RECOGNITION IN PRIMATES - PHYLOGENY AND THE SALIENCE OF SPECIES-TYPICAL FEATURES

机译：原始识别-系统发育和特殊特征的显着性

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Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. [References: 22]
机译：在非语言有机体中，人们通过记录个人是否在镜子中看着自己的眼睛在视觉上无法触及的部分上染有染料的区域或在使用镜子的反射来检查自己的身体的一部分中进行了自我识别的研究。只有黑猩猩，大猩猩，猩猩和大约2岁以上的人才能始终证明自己在没有实验人员训练的情况下以镜子为指导的行为。为了评估类人动物与其他动物之间的系统发育差距，我们对新世界猴种的棉顶猴（Saguinus oedipus）进行了改良的染料标记试验。绢毛猴头部的白发被染成彩色，从而显着改变了视觉上独特的物种典型特征。在照镜子的过程中，只有染过头发且先暴露于镜子的人才摸摸自己的头。他们在镜子中的视线要长于对照组，有些人使用镜子观察视觉上无法触及的身体部位。先前未能通过镜像测试的原因可能是方法问题，而不是自我识别能力的系统发育差异。具体而言，一个人对其身体经过实验修饰的部分的敏感性可能关键取决于修饰部分的相对显着性（例如，面部与头发）。此外，与以前的权利要求相反，我们建议镜像测试可能不足以评估非语言生物中自我或精神状态归因的概念。 [参考：22]

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