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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Collapse, environment, and society
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Collapse, environment, and society

机译：崩溃，环境与社会

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This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected in 1996.Edited by B. L. Turner, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, and approved December 2, 2011 (received for review September 10, 2011)Historical collapse of ancient states poses intriguing social-ecological questions, as well as potential applications to global change and contemporary strategies for sustainability. Five Old World case studies are developed to identify interactive inputs, triggers, and feedbacks in devolution. Collapse is multicausal and rarely abrupt. Political simplification undermines traditional structures of authority to favor militarization, whereas disintegration is preconditioned or triggered by acute stress (insecurity, environmental or economic crises,famine), with breakdown accompanied or followed by demographic decline. Undue attention to stressors risks underestimating the intricate interplay of environmental, political, and sociocultural resilience in limiting the damages of collapse or in facilitating reconstruction.The conceptual model emphasizes resilience, as well as the historical roles of leaders, elites, and ideology. However, a historical model cannot simply be applied to contemporary problems of sustainability without adjustment for cumulative information and increasing possibilities for popular participation. Between the 14th and 18th centuries, Western Europe responded to environmental crises by innovation and intensification; such modernization was decentralized, protracted, flexible, and broadly based. Much of the current alarmist literature that claims to draw from historical experience is poorly focused, simplistic, and unhelpful. It fails to appreciate that resilience and readaptation depend on identified options, improved understanding, cultural solidarity, enlightened leadership, and opportunities for participation and fresh ideas.
机译：此文稿是1996年当选的美国国家科学院院士就职典礼特别系列的一部分，由亚利桑那州立大学亚利桑那州立大学BL Turner编辑，并于2011年12月2日批准（于2011年9月10日接受审查）古代国家的历史崩溃带来了有趣的社会生态问题，以及对全球变化和当代可持续性战略的潜在应用。开发了五个旧世界案例研究，以识别下放过程中的交互输入，触发和反馈。崩溃是多因的，很少突然发生。政治上的简化破坏了支持军事化的传统权力结构，而瓦解则是由严重的压力（不安全，环境或经济危机，饥荒）先决条件或触发的，瓦解或伴随人口下降而崩溃。对压力源的过度关注可能会低估环境，政治和社会文化适应力在限制崩溃破坏或促进重建方面错综复杂的相互作用。概念模型强调了适应力以及领导者，精英和意识形态的历史作用。但是，历史模型不能简单地应用于当代的可持续性问题，而无需调整累积信息并增加民众参与的可能性。在14至18世纪，西欧通过创新和集约化应对环境危机。这种现代化是分散，长期，灵活和广泛的。当前声称要从历史经验中汲取教训的许多危急主义者文献都集中在很差的地方，过于简单化并且无济于事。它不明白，复原力和重新适应取决于已确定的选择，更好的理解，文化团结，开明的领导才能以及参与和创新思想的机会。

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