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The great human expansion

机译：伟大的人类扩张

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摘要

Genetic and paleoanthropological evidence is in accord that today's human population is the result of a great demic (demographic and geographic) expansion that began approximately 45,000 to 60,000 y ago in Africa and rapidly resulted in human occupation of almost all of the Earth's habitable regions. Genomic data from contemporary humans suggest that this expansion was accompanied by a continuous loss of genetic diversity, a result of what is called the "serial founder effect." In addition to genomic data, the serial founder effect model is now supported by the genetics of human parasites, morphology, and linguistics. This particular population history gave rise to the two defining features of genetic variation in humans: genomes from the substructured populations of Africa retain an exceptional number of unique variants, and there is a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity within populations living outside of Africa. These two patterns are relevant for medical genetic studies mapping genotypes to phenotypes and for inferring the power of natural selection in human history. It should be appreciated that the initial expansion and subsequent serial founder effect were determined by demographic and sociocultural factors associated with hunter-gatherer populations. How do we reconcile this major demic expansion with the population stability that followed for thousands years until the inventions of agriculture? We review advances in understanding the genetic diversity within Africa and the great human expansion out of Africa and offer hypotheses that can help to establish a more synthetic view of modern human evolution.
机译：遗传和古人类学证据表明，当今的人口是大规模人口（人口和地理）扩张的结果，这种扩张始于大约45,000至60,000年前的非洲，并迅速导致人类几乎占领了地球上所有可居住的地区。来自当代人类的基因组数据表明，这种扩张伴随着遗传多样性的不断丧失，这是所谓的“串行创始人效应”的结果。除基因组数据外，人类寄生虫的遗传学，形态学和语言学还支持串行创始人效应模型。这种特殊的人口历史引起了人类遗传变异的两个定义特征：非洲亚结构种群的基因组保留了数量众多的独特变异，非洲以外人口的遗传多样性急剧下降。这两种模式与将基因型映射到表型的医学遗传研究以及推断人类历史中自然选择的力量有关。应当理解，最初的扩张和随后的系列创始人效应是由与猎人和采集者群体相关的人口和社会文化因素决定的。我们如何协调这一重大的人口扩张与农业发展直到数千年之后的人口稳定？我们回顾了在了解非洲内部遗传多样性和人类从非洲大范围扩展方面的进展，并提供了有助于建立现代人类进化的综合观点的假设。

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