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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Rapid neocortical acquisition of long-term arbitrary associations independent of the hippocampus
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Rapid neocortical acquisition of long-term arbitrary associations independent of the hippocampus

机译：快速新皮层获得独立于海马体的长期任意联想

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Arvterograde amnesia following hippocampal damage involves the loss of the capacity to form new declarative memories but leaves nondeclarative memory processes intact. Current theories of declarative memory suggest the existence of two complementary memory systems: a hippocampal-based system that specializes in rapid acquisition of specific events and a neocortical system that slowly learns through environmental statistical regularities and requires the initial support of the hippocampal system. Contrary to this notion, we demonstrate a neurocognitive mechanism that enables rapid acquisition of novel arbitrary associations independently of the hippocampus. This mechanism has been dubbed "fast mapping" (FM) and is believed to support the rapid acquisition of vocabulary in children as young as 16 mo of age. We used FM to teach novel word-picture associations to four profoundly amnesic patients with hippocampal system damage. Patients were able to acquire arbitrary associations through FM normally, despite profound impairment on a matched standard associative memory task. Most importantly, they retained what they learned through FM after a week's delay, when they were around chance level on the standard task. By contrast, two patients with unilateral damage to the left polar temporal neocortex were impaired on FM, suggesting that this cortical region is critical for associative learning through FM. Left perirhinal and entorhinal cortices might also play a role in learning through FM. Contrary to current theories, these findings indicate that rapid acquisition of declarative-like (relational) memory can be accomplished independently of the hippocampus and that neocortical plasticity can be induced rapidly to support novel arbitrary associations.
机译：海马损伤后的Arvterograde失忆涉及丧失形成新的陈述性记忆的能力，但保留了非陈述性记忆过程。当前的声明性记忆理论建议存在两个互补的记忆系统：一个专门研究快速获取特定事件的基于海马的系统，以及一个通过环境统计规律缓慢学习并需要海马系统初始支持的新皮质系统。与此概念相反，我们展示了一种神经认知机制，能够快速获得独立于海马体的新型任意联想。这种机制被称为“快速映射”（FM），据信可支持16岁以下儿童快速获取词汇。我们使用FM向四名患有海马系统损害的健忘症患者教授新颖的单词图片关联。尽管匹配的标准联想记忆任务受到严重损害，患者仍可以通过FM正常获得任意联想。最重要的是，当他们在标准任务的机会级别附近时，他们在一周的延迟后仍保留了通过FM获得的知识。相比之下，两名对左侧极颞颞新皮层有单侧损伤的患者在FM上受损，这表明该皮质区域对于通过FM进行联想学习至关重要。左腹膜和内膜皮质也可能在通过FM学习中发挥作用。与当前的理论相反，这些发现表明可以独立于海马体快速完成声明性（关系）记忆的获取，并且可以迅速诱导新皮层可塑性以支持新型的任意联想。

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