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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task
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Elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task

机译：大象知道在合作任务中何时需要帮助树干

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摘要

Elephants are widely assumed to be among the most cognitively advanced animals, even though systematic evidence is lacking. This void in knowledge is mainly due to the danger and difficulty of submitting the largest land animal to behavioral experiments. In an attempt to change this situation, a classical 1930s cooperation paradigm commonly tested on monkeys and apes was modified by using a procedure originally designed for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to measure the reactions of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This paradigm explores the cognition underlying coordination toward a shared goal. What do animals know or learn about the benefits of cooperation? Can they learn critical elements of a partner's role in cooperation? Whereas observations in nature suggest such understanding in nonhuman primates, experimental results have been mixed, and little evidence exists with regards to nonprimates. Here, we show that elephants can learn to coordinate with a partner in a task requiring two individuals to simultaneously pull two ends of the same rope to obtain a reward. Not only did the elephants act together, they inhibited the pulling response for up to 45 s if the arrival of a partner was delayed. They also grasped that there was no point to pulling if the partner lacked access to the rope. Such results have been interpreted as demonstrating an understanding of cooperation. Through convergent evolution, elephants may have reached a cooperative skill level on a par with that of chimpanzees.
机译：尽管缺乏系统的证据，但人们普遍认为大象是认知能力最强的动物之一。这种知识上的空白主要是由于使最大的陆生动物接受行为实验的危险和困难。为了改变这种状况，使用最初设计用于黑猩猩（盘状穴居动物）的程序来测量亚洲象（Elephas maximus）的反应，修改了通常在猴子和猿类上测试的1930年代经典合作范例。该范式探讨了实现共同目标的潜在协调认知。动物如何了解或了解合作的好处？他们能否学习合作伙伴在合作中所扮演角色的关键要素？尽管自然界的观察表明对非人类灵长类动物有这种理解，但是实验结果好坏参半，关于非灵长类动物的证据很少。在这里，我们展示了大象可以学会在需要两个人同时拉动同一根绳索的两端以获得奖励的任务中与伙伴进行协调。如果伙伴的到来被延迟，大象不仅会共同行动，还会在45 s内抑制拉动响应。他们还意识到，如果伴侣无法接触绳索，那就没有必要拉扯了。这些结果被解释为表明了对合作的理解。通过融合进化，大象可能已经达到了与黑猩猩同等的合作水平。

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