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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Persistent predator-prey dynamics revealed by mass extinction
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Persistent predator-prey dynamics revealed by mass extinction

机译：大规模灭绝揭示持久的捕食者-猎物动力学

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摘要

Predator-prey interactions are thought by many researchers to define both modern ecosystems and past macroevolutionary events. In modern ecosystems, experimental removal or addition of taxa is often used to determine trophic relationships and predator identity. Both characteristics are notoriously difficult to infer in the fossil record, where evidence of predation is usually limited to damage from failed attacks, individual stomach contents, onesided escalation, or modern analogs. As a result, the role of predation in macroevolution is often dismissed in favor of competition and abiotic factors. Here we show that the end-Devonian Hangenberg event (359 Mya) was a natural experiment in which vertebrate predators were both removed and added to an otherwise stable prey fauna, revealing specific and persistent trophic interactions. Despite apparently favorable environmental conditions, crinoids diversified only after removal of their vertebrate consumers, exhibiting predatory release on a geological time scale. In contrast, later Mississippian (359-318 Mya) camerate crinoids declined precipitously in the face of increasing predation pressure from new durophagous fishes. Camerate failure is linked to the retention of obsolete defenses or "legacy adaptations" that prevented revolutionary escalation. Our results suggest that major crinoid evolutionary phenomena, including rapid diversification, faunal turnover, and species selection, might be linked to vertebrate predation. Thus, interactions observed in small ecosystems, such as Lotka-Volterra cycles and trophic cascades, could operate at geologic time scales and higher taxonomic ranks. Both trophic knock-on effects and retention of obsolete traits might be common in the aftermath of predator,extinction.
机译：许多研究人员认为，捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用可以定义现代生态系统和过去的宏观进化事件。在现代生态系统中，经常使用实验性移除或添加分类单元来确定营养关系和捕食者身份。众所周知，在化石记录中很难推断出这两种特征，在这种化石记录中，捕食的证据通常仅限于失败的攻击，单个胃内容物，单侧scal升或现代类似物造成的损害。结果，捕食在宏观进化中的作用经常被消除，而有利于竞争和非生物因素。在这里，我们表明，德文年末汉根堡事件（359 Mya）是一项自然实验，其中脊椎动物掠食者都被移除并添加到了其他稳定的猎物动物区系中，揭示了特定而持久的营养相互作用。尽管环境条件看似有利，但仅在去除脊椎动物消费者后，海百合才开始多样化，并在地质时间尺度上呈现掠食性释放。相比之下，面对来自新食蟹鱼类的捕食压力，后来的密西西比州（359-318 Mya）拍摄的海百合突降。摄影机故障与保留过时的防御或防止革命性升级的“旧式改编”有关。我们的结果表明，主要的海百合进化现象，包括快速的多样化，动物区系更新和物种选择，可能与脊椎动物的捕食有关。因此，在诸如Lotka-Volterra循环和营养级联之类的小型生态系统中观察到的相互作用可以在地质时间尺度和更高的分类学等级上进行。营养性连锁反应和过时性状的保留可能在捕食者，灭绝之后很常见。

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