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The origin and evolution of word order

机译:词序的起源与演变

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摘要

Recent work in comparative linguistics suggests that all, or almost all, attested human languages may derive from a single earlier language. If that is so, then this language-like nearly all extant languages-most likely had a basic ordering of the subject (S), verb (V), and object (O) in a declarative sentence of the type "the man (S) killed (V) the bear (O)." When one compares the distribution of the existing structural types with the putative phy-logenetic tree of human languages, four conclusions may be drawn. (/') The word order in the ancestral language was SOV. (/'/) Except for cases of diffusion, the direction of syntactic change, when it occurs, has been for the most part SOV > SVO and, beyond that, SVO > VSO/VOS with a subsequent reversion to SVO occurring occasionally. Reversion to SOV occurs only through diffusion. (iii) Diffusion, although important, is not the dominant process in the evolution of word order, (iv) The two extremely rare word orders (OVS and OSV) derive directly from SOV.
机译:比较语言学的最新研究表明,所有或几乎所有经过认证的人类语言可能源自一种较早的语言。如果是这样的话,那么这种语言(几乎是所有现有的语言)很可能具有主语(S),动词(V)和宾语(O)在“ man(S) )杀死(V)熊(O)。”当将现有结构类型的分布与人类语言的假定的植皮树进行比较时,可以得出四个结论。 (/')祖语中的单词顺序是SOV。 (/'/)除了扩散的情况外,语法变化的方向在发生时大部分是SOV> SVO,除此之外,SVO> VSO / VOS偶尔会转换为SVO。向SOV的还原仅通过扩散发生。 (iii)扩散虽然很重要,但并不是词序演变的主要过程。(iv)两个极其罕见的词序(OVS和OSV)直接来自SOV。

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