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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Extensive, clustered parental imprinting of protein-coding and noncoding RNAs in developing maize endosperm
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Extensive, clustered parental imprinting of protein-coding and noncoding RNAs in developing maize endosperm

机译：玉米胚乳发育中蛋白质编码和非编码RNA的广泛，成簇的亲本印记

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Although genetic imprinting was discovered in maize 40 years ago, its exact extent in the triploid endosperm remains unknown. Here, we have analyzed global patterns of allelic gene expression in developing maize endosperms from reciprocal crosses between inbreds B73 and Mo17. We have defined an imprinted gene as one in which the relative expression of the maternal and paternal alleles differ at least fivefold in both hybrids of the reciprocal crosses. We found that at least 179 genes (1.6% of protein-coding genes) expressed in the endosperm are imprinted, with 68 of them showing maternal preferential expression and 111 paternal preferential expression. Additionally, 38 long noncoding RNAs were imprinted. The latter are transcribed in either sense or antisense orientation from intronic regions of normal protein-coding genes or from intergenic regions. Imprinted genes show a clear pattern of clustering around the genome, with a number of imprinted genes being adjacent to each other. Analysis of allele-specif ic methylation patterns of imprinted loci in the hybrid endosperm identified 21 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of several hundred base pairs in length, corresponding to both imprinted genes and non-coding transcripts. All DMRs identified are uniformly hypomethy-lated in maternal alleles and hypermethylated in paternal alleles, regardless of the imprinting direction of their corresponding loci. Our study indicates highly extensive and complex regulation of genetic imprinting in maize endosperm, a mechanism that can potentially function in the balancing of the gene dosage of this triploid tissue.
机译：尽管40年前在玉米中发现了遗传印记，但其在三倍体胚乳中的确切分布范围仍然未知。在这里，我们分析了近交B73与Mo17之间相互杂交的玉米胚乳发育中等位基因基因表达的整体模式。我们将一个印记基因定义为这样一个基因，其中母本和父本等位基因的相对表达在双向杂交的两个杂种中至少相差五倍。我们发现至少有179个基因（占蛋白质编码基因的1.6％）在胚乳中有印记，其中68个显示母本优先表达和111个父本优先表达。另外，印迹了38个长的非编码RNA。后者从正常蛋白质编码基因的内含子区域或基因间区域以有义或反义方向转录。印迹基因在基因组周围显示出清晰的集群模式，许多印迹基因彼此相邻。杂种胚乳中印迹基因座的等位基因特异性甲基化模式分析确定了长度为数百个碱基对的21个差异甲基化区域（DMR），分别对应于印迹基因和非编码转录本。不论其对应基因座的印迹方向如何，在母本等位基因中鉴定的所有DMR均是次甲基化，而在父本等位基因中则是甲基化。我们的研究表明，玉米胚乳中基因印记的高度广泛和复杂的调控，这种机制可能在平衡该三倍体组织的基因剂量中起作用。

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    Mei Zhang; Hainan Zhao; Shaojun Xie; Jian Chen; Yuanyuan Xu; Keke Wang; Haiming Zhao; Haiying Guan; Xiaojiao Hu; Yinping Jiao; Weibin Song; Jinsheng Lai;

  • 作者单位

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

    State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China contributed equally to this work;

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