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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement
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Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement

机译：玻利尼西亚人最初定居后，新西兰南岛的景观快速转变

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摘要

Humans have altered natural patterns of fire for millennia, but the impact of human-set fires is thought to have been slight in wet closed-canopy forests. In the South Island of New Zealand, Polynesians (Maori), who arrived 700-800 calibrated years (cal y) ago, and then Europeans, who settled ~150 caly ago, used fire as a tool for forest clearance, but the structure and environmental consequences of these fires are poorly understood. High-resolution charcoal and pollen records from 16 lakes were analyzed to reconstruct the fire and vegetation history of the last 1,000 y. Diatom, chironomid, and element concentration data were examined to identify disturbance-related limnobiotic and biogeochemical changes within burned watersheds. At most sites, several high-severity fire events occurred within the first two centuries of Maori arrival and were often accompanied by a transformation in vegetation, slope stability, and lake chemistry. Proxies of past climate suggest that human activity alone, rather than unusually dry or warm conditions, was responsible for this increased fire activity. The transformation of scrub to grassland by Europeans in the mid-19th century triggered further, sometimes severe, watershed change, through additional fires, erosion, and the introduction of nonnative plant species. Alteration of natural disturbance regimes had lasting impacts, primarily because native forests had little or no previous history of fire and little resilience to the severity of burning. Anthropogenic burning in New Zealand highlights the vulnerability of closed-canopy forests to novel disturbance regimes and suggests that similar settings may be less resilient to climate-induced changes in the future.
机译：几千年来，人类改变了自然火灾的方式，但据认为，人为火灾的影响在潮湿的密闭冠层森林中影响很小。在新西兰的南岛，波利尼西亚人（毛利人）是在700-800年校准年（cal y）之前到达的，然后欧洲人在大约150年前就定居下来，他们使用火作为清除森林的工具，但结构和结构这些火灾的环境后果知之甚少。分析了来自16个湖泊的高分辨率木炭和花粉记录，以重建最近1000年的火势和植被历史。检查了硅藻，尺虫和元素浓度数据，以确定与燃烧有关的流域内与干扰有关的线虫和生物地球化学变化。在大多数地点，在毛利人抵达的头两个世纪内发生了几次高烈度火灾，并经常伴随着植被，边坡稳定性和湖泊化学的转变。过去气候的代理人指出，这种人类增加的火灾活动是由人类活动而不是异常干燥或温暖的条件造成的。欧洲人在19世纪中叶将灌木丛改种为草地，引发了进一步的火灾，有时甚至是严重的分水岭变化，包括额外的大火，侵蚀和非本地植物物种的引入。自然干扰机制的改变具有持久的影响，主要是因为原生森林几乎没有或没有过以往的火灾史，并且对燃烧的严重程度几乎没有抵抗力。新西兰的人为焚烧凸显了封闭的冠层森林容易受到新的干扰机制的影响，并表明类似的环境可能对未来气候变化的适应能力较弱。

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