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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >A common toxin fold mediates microbial attack and plant defense
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A common toxin fold mediates microbial attack and plant defense

机译：常见的毒素折叠介导微生物侵袭和植物防御

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摘要

Many plant pathogens secrete toxins that enhance microbial virulence by killing host cells. Usually, these toxins are produced by particular microbial taxa, such as bacteria or fungi. In contrast, many bacterial, fungal and oomycete species produce necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) that trigger leaf necrosis and immunity-associated responses in various plants. We have determined the crystal structure of an NLP from the phytopathogenic oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum to 1.35A resolution. The protein fold exhibits structural similarities to cyto-lytic toxins produced by marine organisms (actinoporins). Computational modeling of the 3-dimensional structure of NLPs from another oomycete, Phytophthora parasitica, and from the phytopathogenic bacterium, Pectobacterium carotovorum, revealed a high extent of fold conservation. Expression of the 2 oomycete NLPs in an nlp-deficient P. carotovorum strain restored bacterial virulence, suggesting that NLPs of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins are orthologous proteins. NLP mutant protein analyses revealed that identical structural properties were required to cause plasma membrane permeabilization and cytolysis in plant cells, as well as to restore bacterial virulence. In sum, NLPs are conserved virulence factors whose taxonomic distribution is exceptional for microbial phytotoxins, and that contribute to host infection by plasma membrane destruction and cytolysis. We further show that NLP-mediated phytotoxicity and plant defense gene expression share identical fold requirements, suggesting that toxin-mediated interference with host integrity triggers plant immunity-associated responses. Phytotoxin-induced cellular damage-associated activation of plant defenses is reminiscent of microbial toxin-induced inflammasome activation in vertebrates and may thus constitute another conserved element in animal and plant innate immunity.
机译：许多植物病原体会通过杀死宿主细胞分泌毒素，从而增强微生物的毒性。通常，这些毒素是由特定的微生物类群（例如细菌或真菌）产生的。相反，许多细菌，真菌和卵菌种会产生坏死和乙烯诱导肽1（Nep1）样蛋白（NLP），从而在各种植物中触发叶片坏死和免疫相关反应。我们已经确定了从植物致病性卵菌性腐霉腐霉到1.35A分辨率的NLP晶体结构。蛋白质折叠表现出与海洋生物（放线菌素）产生的细胞溶解毒素的结构相似性。计算从另一个卵菌，致病疫霉和植物致病性细菌，cartovorum的NLPs的3维结构的3维模型显示高度的折叠保存。 2个卵菌NLPs在nlp缺陷的胡萝卜假单胞菌菌株中的表达恢复了细菌的毒力，这表明原核和真核起源的NLP是直系同源蛋白。 NLP突变蛋白分析表明，需要相同的结构特性才能引起植物细胞内的质膜透化和细胞溶解，以及恢复细菌的毒性。总而言之，NLP是保守的毒力因子，其分类学分布对于微生物植物毒素而言是例外的，并且通过质膜破坏和细胞溶解促进宿主感染。我们进一步表明，NLP介导的植物毒性和植物防御基因表达共享相同的倍数要求，这表明毒素介导的对宿主完整性的干扰会触发植物免疫相关反应。植物毒素诱导的植物防御相关的细胞损伤相关激活使人联想到脊椎动物中微生物毒素诱导的炎性体激活，因此可能构成动植物固有免疫中的另一个保守成分。

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  • 作者

    Christian Ottmann; Borries Luberacki; Isabell Kuefner; Wolfgang Koch; Frederic Brunner; Michael Weyand; Laura Mattinen; Minna Pirhonen; Gregor Anderluh; Hanns Ulrich Seitz; Thorsten Nuernberger; Claudia Oecking;

  • 作者单位

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, GermanyrnChemical Genomics Centre, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Biochemistry, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Biochemistry, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany;

    Chemical Genomics Centre, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany;

    University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland;

    University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland;

    University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, SLO-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Biochemistry, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany;

    Center for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    crystal structure; immunity; pathogen; plant immunity; phytotoxin;

    机译：晶体结构免疫;病原;植物免疫力植物毒素;

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