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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Adaptive radiations: From field to genomic studies
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Adaptive radiations: From field to genomic studies

机译：适应性辐射：从田间研究到基因组研究

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摘要

Adaptive radiations were central to Darwin's formation of his theory of natural selection, and today they are still the centerpiece for many studies of adaptation and speciation. Here, we review the advantages of adaptive radiations, especially recent ones, for detecting evolutionary trends and the genetic dissection of adaptive traits. We focus on Aquilegia as a primary example of these advantages and highlight progress in understanding the genetic basis of flower color. Phylogenetic analysis of Aquilegia indicates that flower color transitions proceed by changes in the types of anthocyanin pigments produced or their complete loss. Biochemical, crossing, and gene expression studies have provided a wealth of information about the genetic basis of these transitions in Aquilegia. To obtain both enzymatic and regulatory candidate genes for the entire flavonoid pathway, which produces antho-cyanins, we used a combination of sequence searches of the Aquilegia Gene Index, phylogenetic analyses, and the isolation of novel sequences by using degenerate PCR and RACE. In total we identified 34 genes that are likely involved in the flavonoid pathway. A number of these genes appear to be single copy in Aquilegia and thus variation in their expression may have been key for floral color evolution. Future studies will be able to use these sequences along with next-generation sequencing technologies to follow expression and sequence variation at the population level. The genetic dissection of other adaptive traits in Aquilegia should also be possible soon as genomic resources such as whole-genome sequencing become available.
机译：适应性辐射是达尔文自然选择理论形成的核心，今天，它们仍然是许多适应和物种形成研究的核心。在这里，我们回顾了自适应辐射的优势，尤其是最近的辐射，在检测进化趋势和适应性状的遗传解剖方面的优势。我们将A羽草作为这些优势的主要示例，并重点介绍在了解花色遗传基础方面的进展。对Aquilegia的系统发育分析表明，花朵颜色的过渡是通过产生的花色苷色素类型的改变或它们的完全丧失来进行的。生化，杂交和基因表达研究已经提供了许多有关Aquilegia中这些转变的遗传基础的信息。为了获得整个类黄酮途径（产生花青素）的酶促和调控候选基因，我们使用了对Aquilegia基因索引的序列搜索，系统发育分析以及通过简并PCR和RACE分离新序列的组合。我们总共鉴定了34种可能参与类黄酮途径的基因。这些基因中的许多似乎在Aquilegia中是单拷贝的，因此它们表达的变化可能是花卉颜色演变的关键。未来的研究将能够将这些序列与下一代测序技术一起使用，以追踪群体水平上的表达和序列变异。一旦获得了诸如全基因组测序之类的基因资源，Aquilegia的其他适应性状的遗传解剖也应该是可能的。

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