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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Natural selection in action during speciation
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Natural selection in action during speciation

机译：物种形成过程中的自然选择

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摘要

The role of natural selection in speciation, first described by Darwin, has finally been widely accepted. Yet, the nature and time course of the genetic changes that result in speciation remain mysterious. To date, genetic analyses of speciation have focused almost exclusively on retrospective analyses of reproductive isolation between species or subspecies and on hybrid sterility or inviability rather than on ecologically based barriers to gene flow. However, if we are to fully understand the origin of species, we must analyze the process from additional vantage points. By studying the genetic causes of partial reproductive isolation between specialized ecological races, early barriers to gene flow can be identified before they become confounded with other species differences. This population-level approach can reveal patterns that become invisible over time, such as the mosaic nature of the genome early in speciation. Under divergent selection in sympatry, the genomes of incipient species become temporary genetic mosaics in which ecologically important genomic regions resist gene exchange, even as gene flow continues over most of the genome. Analysis of such mosaic genomes suggests that surprisingly large genomic regions around divergently selected quantitative trait loci can be protected from interrace recombination by "divergence hitchhiking." Here, I describe the formation of the genetic mosaic during early ecological speciation, consider the establishment, effects, and transitory nature of divergence hitchhiking around key ecologically important genes, and describe a 2-stage model for genetic divergence during ecological speciation with gene flow.
机译：最初由达尔文描述的自然选择在物种形成中的作用最终被广泛接受。然而，导致物种形成的遗传变化的性质和时间过程仍然是神秘的。迄今为止，物种形成的遗传分析几乎只集中于物种或亚种之间生殖隔离的回顾性分析以及杂种不育或不育性，而不是基于生态学上的基因障碍。但是，如果我们要完全了解物种的起源，则必须从其他有利位置来分析这一过程。通过研究特殊生态种族之间部分生殖隔离的遗传原因，可以在基因流与其他物种差异混淆之前找出早期的基因流障碍。这种群体水平的方法可以揭示随着时间的推移而变得不可见的模式，例如物种形成早期的基因组镶嵌性质。在交感神经系统的不同选择下，即使基因流在整个基因组上继续流动，初期物种的基因组也变成了临时的遗传花叶，其中具有重要生态意义的基因组区域阻止了基因交换。对这些镶嵌基因组的分析表明，通过“发散搭便车”可以保护发散地选择的数量性状基因座周围的惊人大的基因组区域免受种族重组。在这里，我描述了早期生态物种形成过程中遗传镶嵌的形成，考虑了关键的重要生态基因周围搭便车的建立，作用和暂时性，并描述了带有基因流的生态物种形成过程中遗传发散的两阶段模型。

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