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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Flying in silence: Echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid sonar jamming
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Flying in silence: Echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid sonar jamming

机译：寂静地飞行：蝙蝠的回声停止发声以避免声纳干扰

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Although it has been recognized that echolocating bats may experience jamming from the signals of conspecifics, research on this problem has focused exclusively on time-frequency adjustments in the emitted signals to minimize interference. Here, we report a surprising new strategy used by bats to avoid interference, namely silence. In a quantitative study of flight and vocal behavior of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), we discovered that the bat spends considerable time in silence when flying with conspecifics. Silent behavior, defined here as at least one bat in a pair ceasing vocalization for more than 0.2 s (200 ms), occurred as much as 76% of the time (mean of 40% across 7 pairs) when their separation was shorter than 1 m, but only 0.08% when a single bat flew alone. Spatial separation, heading direction, and similarity in call design of paired bats were related to the prevalence of this silent behavior. Our data suggest that the bat uses silence as a strategy to avoid interference from sonar vocalizations of its neighbor, while listening to conspecific-generated acoustic signals to guide orientation. Based on previous neurophys-iological studies of the bat's auditory midbrain, we hypothesize that environmental sounds (including vocalizations produced by other bats) and active echolocation evoke neural activity in different populations of neurons. Our findings offer compelling evidence that the echolocating bat switches between active and passive sensing to cope with a complex acoustic environment, and these results hold broad implications for research on navigation and communication throughout the animal kingdom.
机译：尽管已经认识到回声蝙蝠可能会受到同种信号的干扰，但对此问题的研究仅集中在发射信号的时频调整上，以最大程度地减少干扰。在这里，我们报告了蝙蝠用来避免干扰的一种令人惊讶的新策略，即沉默。在对大棕蝙蝠（Eptesicus fuscus）的飞行和发声行为进行的定量研究中，我们发现，蝙蝠在以特定物种飞行时会在沉默中花费大量时间。沉默行为，在此定义为一对声音中至少一个蝙蝠停止发声超过0.2 s（200 ms），当它们的间隔短于1时发生的时间高达76％（7对中平均为40％）。 m，但是只有一只蝙蝠单独飞时只有0.08％。配对蝙蝠的呼唤设计中的空间分离，航向和相似性与这种沉默行为的普遍性有关。我们的数据表明，蝙蝠使用静音作为一种策略，以避免听其邻居的声纳发声所产生的干扰，同时还能听取同种产生的声音信号来引导方向。根据先前对蝙蝠的听觉中脑的神经生理学研究，我们假设环境声音（包括其他蝙蝠产生的发声）和主动回声定位在不同的神经元群体中引起神经活动。我们的发现提供了令人信服的证据，表明回声定位蝙蝠在主动和被动感应之间切换以应对复杂的声学环境，这些结果对于整个动物界的导航和通信研究具有广泛的意义。

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