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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Explosively Launched Spores Of Ascomycete Fungi Have Drag-minimizing Shapes
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Explosively Launched Spores Of Ascomycete Fungi Have Drag-minimizing Shapes

机译：爆炸性的子囊真菌孢子具有最小化阻力的形状

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The forcibly launched spores of ascomycete fungi must eject through several millimeters of nearly still air surrounding fruiting bodies to reach dispersive air flows. Because of their microscopic size, spores experience great fluid drag, and although this drag can aid transport by slowing sedimentation out of dispersive air flows, it also causes spores to decelerate rapidly after launch. We hypothesize that spores are shaped to maximize their range in the nearly still air surrounding fruiting bodies. To test this hypothesis we numerically calculate optimal spore shapes-shapes of minimum drag for prescribed volumes-and compare these shapes with real spore shapes taken from a phytogeny of > 100 species. Our analysis shows that spores are constrained to remain within 1 % of the minimum possible drag for their size. From the spore shapes we predict the speed of spore launch, and confirm this prediction through high-speed imaging of ejection in Neurospora tetrasperma. By reconstructing the evolutionary history of spore shapes within a single ascomycete family we measure the relative contributions of drag minimization and other shape determinants to spore shape evolution. Our study uses biomechanical optimization as an organizing principle for explaining shape in a mega-diverse group of species and provides a framework for future measurements of the forces of selection toward physical optima.
机译：被强制释放的子囊真菌孢子必须通过子实体周围几毫米几乎静止的空气喷出，以达到分散的气流。由于它们的微观尺寸，孢子会受到很大的流体阻力，尽管这种阻力可以通过减缓分散气流中的沉淀来帮助运输，但也会导致孢子在发射后迅速减速。我们假设孢子的形状可以在子实体周围几乎静止的空气中最大化其作用范围。为了检验该假设，我们通过数值计算最佳孢子形状-规定体积的最小阻力形状-并将这些形状与取自100多种植物的真正孢子形状进行比较。我们的分析表明，孢子被限制在其大小的最小可能阻力的1％之内。根据孢子的形状，我们可以预测孢子发射的速度，并通过对四孢子虫神经孢子的射血进行高速成像来确认这一预测。通过重建单个子囊菌科中孢子形状的进化历史，我们测量了最小化阻力和其他形状决定因素对孢子形状进化的相对贡献。我们的研究使用生物力学优化作为组织原理来解释一个巨大的物种群中的形状，并为将来朝着物理最优选择力的测量提供了一个框架。

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