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A comparative analysis of frog early development

机译：青蛙早期发育的比较分析

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The current understanding of Xenopus laevis development provides a comparative background for the analysis of frog developmental modes. Our analysis of development in various frogs reveals that the mode of gastrulation is associated with developmental rate and is unrelated to egg size. In the gastrula of the rapidly developing embryos of the foam-nesting frogs Engystomops rncoloradorum and Engystomops randi, archenteron and notochord rnelongation overlapped with involution at the blastopore lip, as in X. laevis embryos. In embryos of dendrobatid frogs and in the frog without tadpoles Eleutherodactylus coqui, which develop somewhat more slowly than X. laevis, involution and archenteron elongation concomitantly occurred during gastrulation; whereas elongation of the notochord and, therefore, dorsal convergence and extension, occurred in the postgastrula. In contrast, in the slow developing embryos of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae, only involution occurred during gastrulation. The processes of archenteron and notochord elongation and convergence and extension were postgastrulation events. We produced an Ab against the homeodomain protein Lim1 from X. laevis as a tool for the comparative analysis of development. By the expression of Lim1, we were able to identify the dorsal side of the G. riobambae early gastrula, which otherwise was difficult to detect. Moreover, the Lim1 expression in the dorsal lip of the blastopore and notochord differed among the studied frogs, indicating variation in the timing of developmental events. The variation encountered gives evidence of the modular character of frog gastrulation.
机译：目前对非洲爪蟾发育的理解为青蛙的发育方式分析提供了比较背景。我们对各种青蛙发育的分析表明，胃化的方式与发育速度有关，与蛋的大小无关。在泡沫嵌套青蛙的快速发育胚胎的腹肌中，圆角和圆线的延伸与胚芽唇的向内重叠重叠，就像X. laevis胚胎一样。在树枝状蛙的胚胎中和没有t的蛙中，它们的发育都比拉氏乳杆菌（X. laevis）慢一些，在促胃过程中同时发生内卷和肠弓虫伸长。而脊索的伸长以及因此的背侧融合和伸长发生在胃后。相比之下，在有袋蛙Gastrotheca riobambae发育缓慢的胚胎中，仅在胚芽过程中发生了内卷。原肠和脊索的伸长，收敛和延伸的过程是产后事件。我们生产了一种针对X. laevis同源结构域蛋白Lim1的抗体，作为开发比较分析的工具。通过Lim1的表达，我们能够鉴定出G. riobambae早期胃的背侧，否则很难检测到。此外，在研究的青蛙之间，胚孔和脊索的背唇中的Lim1表达有所不同，表明发育事件的时间发生了变化。遇到的变化为青蛙气化的模块化特征提供了证据。

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