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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia
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Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia

机译：印度尼西亚东部萨姆巴岛上语言和基因的共同进化

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摘要

Numerous studies indicate strong associations between languages and genes among human populations at the global scale, but all broader scale genetic and linguistic patterns must arise from processes originating at the community level. We examine linguistic and genetic variation in a contact zone on the eastern Indonesian island of Sumba, where Neolithic Austronesian farming communities settled and began interacting with aboriginal foraging societies ≈3,500 years ago. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on a 200-word Swadesh list sampled from 29 localities supports the hypothesis that Sumbanese languages derive from a single ancestral Austronesian language. However, the proportion of cognates (words with a common origin) traceable to Proto-Austronesian (PAn) varies among language subgroups distributed across the island. Interestingly, a positive correlation was found between the percentage of Y chromosome lineages that derive from Austronesian (as opposed to aboriginal) ancestors and the retention of PAn cognates. We also find a striking correlation between the percentage of PAn cognates and geographic distance from the site where many Sumbanese believe their ancestors arrived on the island. These language-gene-geography correlations, unprecedented at such a fine scale, imply that historical patterns of social interaction between expanding farmers and resident hunter-gatherers largely explain community-level language evolution on Sumba. We propose a model to explain linguistic and demographic coevolution at fine spatial and temporal scales.
机译：大量研究表明，在全球范围内，人类的语言和基因之间有着很强的联系，但所有更广泛的遗传和语言模式都必须源自社区一级的过程。我们研究了印度尼西亚东部Sumba岛上一个接触区的语言和遗传变异，那里是新石器时代的南澳大利亚农业社区定居并开始与3500年前的原住民觅食社会互动的地方。基于从29个地方采样的200个单词的Swadesh列表进行的系统发育重建，支持以下假设：萨班人语源于单一祖先南岛语。但是，可追溯到原始南极洲（PAn）的同源词（同源词）的比例在整个岛上分布的语言子组中会有所不同。有趣的是，在源自南方人（相对于原住民）祖先的Y染色体谱系百分比与PAn同源物保留之间发现正相关。我们还发现，PAn同源物百分比与距许多苏丹人相信其祖先到达该岛的地点的地理距离之间存在惊人的相关性。这些语言-基因-地理之间的关联在如此精细的规模上是前所未有的，这意味着扩展的农民与常住的猎人-采集者之间的社会互动的历史模式在很大程度上解释了Sumba社区级语言的演变。我们提出一个模型来解释在精细的时空尺度上的语言和人口统计学的演变。

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