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Controlling elements are wild cards in the epigenomic deck

机译:控制元素是表观基因组中的通配符

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摘要

The genomes of multicellular eukaryotes are loaded with ret rotransposons, parasites that propagate by transcription of their genomes, reverse transcription, and insertion of a new copy into the host genome (1, 2). Waves of replication have formed families of mostly fragmentary or otherwise degenerate retroelements (1, 2). Epigenetic silencing suppresses retrotransposon activity, keeping them from wreaking genetic and epigenetic havoc in their hosts (3, 4), but active suppression must be maintained (2). Discussions of their biological role have focused on genetics: disruption of genomic structure, and adaptation to form regulatory elements and parts of proteins. Less obvious, but possibly far more important, is their ability to disrupt normal patterns of transcription. McClintock observed that DNA transposons in maize could revers-ibly alter the expression of genes in the general vicinity of their insertion sites, and so termed them "controlling elements" (5). Retrotransposons also have this ability: Depending on their epigenetic state, they may either lie quietly without interfering in affairs or seize control and dramatically change patterns of gene expression.
机译:多细胞真核生物的基因组装有反转录转座子,通过其基因组转录,逆转录以及将新拷贝插入宿主基因组而繁殖的寄生虫(1、2)。复制浪潮已经形成了大多数为零碎或简并的后代元素的家族(1、2)。表观遗传沉默抑制逆转录转座子的活性,使其免受宿主的遗传和表观遗传破坏(3、4),但必须保持主动抑制(2)。关于它们的生物学作用的讨论集中在遗传学上:基因组结构的破坏,以及形成调节元件和蛋白质部分的适应性。它们破坏正常转录模式的能力不太明显,但可能更为重要。 McClintock观察到,玉米中的DNA转座子可以可逆地改变其插入位点附近的基因表达,因此被称为“控制元件”(5)。逆转录转座子也具有这种能力:根据表观遗传状态,它们要么安静地躺着而不干扰事务,要么抓住控制权并大大改变基因表达的模式。

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