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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants
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Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants

机译：稀树草原黑猩猩使用工具收获植物的地下储存器官

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It has been hypothesized that plant underground storage organs (USOs) played key roles in the initial hominin colonization of savanna habitats, the development of the distinctive skull and tooth morphology of the genus Australopithecus, and the evolution of the genus Homo by serving as "fallback foods" exploited during periods of food shortage. These hypotheses have been tested mostly by morphological, isotopic, and microwear analyses of hominin bones and teeth. Archaeological evidence of USO digging technology is equivocal. Until now relevant data from studies of chimpanzees, useful in behavioral models of early hominins because of their phylogenetic proximity and anatomical similarities, have been lacking. Here we report on the first evidence of chimpanzees using tools to dig for USOs, suggesting that exploitation of such resources was within the cognitive and technological reach of the earliest hominins. Consistent with scenarios of hominin adaptation to savannas, these data come from Ugalla (Tanzania), one of the driest, most open and seasonal chimpanzee habitats. USOs are, however, exploited during the rainy season, well after the period of most likely food shortage, contradicting the specific prediction of fallback food hypotheses. The discovery that savanna chimpanzees use tools to obtain USOs contradicts yet another claim of human uniqueness and provides a model for the study of variables influencing USO use among early hominins.
机译：据推测，植物地下贮藏器官（USOs）在热带稀树草原栖息地的最初人源化定居，南方古猿属独特的头骨和牙齿形态的发展以及人类的进化中起着关键作用。食物”是在粮食短缺时期开发的。这些假设主要通过人骨的骨骼和牙齿的形态，同位素和微磨损分析进行了检验。 USO挖掘技术的考古证据是模棱两可的。迄今为止，由于缺乏黑猩猩的系统发生亲缘关系和解剖学相似性，因此缺乏有关黑猩猩研究的相关数据，这些数据可用于早期人类的行为模型。在这里，我们报道了使用工具挖掘黑猩猩的黑猩猩的第一个证据，这表明对此类资源的开发属于最早的人类的认知和技术范围。与人参素适应热带稀树草原的情景一致，这些数据来自乌干拉（坦桑尼亚），乌干拉是最干燥，最开放和季节性的黑猩猩栖息地之一。但是，USO在雨季，最有可能的粮食短缺时期之后被开采，这与后备粮食假说的具体预测相矛盾。稀树草原黑猩猩使用工具获得USO的发现与人类独特性的另一说法相矛盾，并为研究影响人类早期人类中USO使用的变量提供了模型。

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