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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Mesodermal cell displacements during avian gastrulation are due to both individual cell-autonomous and convective tissue movements
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Mesodermal cell displacements during avian gastrulation are due to both individual cell-autonomous and convective tissue movements

机译：禽胃排卵过程中的中胚层细胞移位是由于单个细胞自主运动和对流组织运动引起的

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摘要

Gastrulation is a fundamental process in early development that results in the formation of three primary germ layers. During avian gastrulation, presumptive mesodermal cells in the dorsal epiblast ingress through a furrow called the primitive streak (PS), and subsequently move away from the PS and form adult tissues. The biophysical mechanisms driving mesodermal cell movements during gastrulation in amniotes, notably warm-blooded embryos, are not understood. Until now, a major challenge has been distinguishing local individual cell-autonomous (active) displacements from convective displacements caused by large-scale (bulk) morphoge-netic tissue movements. To address this problem, we used multi-scale, time-lapse microscopy and a particle image velocimetry method for computing tissue displacement fields. Immunolabeled fibronectin was used as an in situ marker for quantifying tissue displacements. By imaging fluorescently labeled mesodermal cells and surrounding extracellular matrix simultaneously, we were able to separate directly the active and passive components of cell displacement during gastrulation. Our results reveal the following: (ⅰ) Convective tissue motion contributes significantly to total cell displacement and must be subtracted to measure true cell-autonomous displacement; (ⅱ) Cell-autonomous displacement decreases gradually after egression from the PS; and (ⅲ) There is an increasing cranial-to-caudal (head-to-tail) cell-autonomous mo-tility gradient, with caudal cells actively moving away from the PS faster than cranial cells. These studies show that, in some regions of the embryo, total mesodermal cell displacements are mostly due to convective tissue movements; thus, the data have profound implications for understanding cell guidance mechanisms and tissue morphogenesis in warm-blooded embryos.
机译：排卵是早期发育的基本过程，其导致三个主要细菌层的形成。在禽胃形成过程中，背侧成骨细胞中的推测中胚层细胞通过称为原始条纹（PS）的犁沟进入，随后从PS移开并形成成年组织。羊水促胃动期间中胚层细胞运动的生物物理机制尚不清楚，尤其是温血胚胎。迄今为止，一个主要的挑战是将局部单个细胞自主（主动）位移与由大规模（批量）形态学组织运动引起的对流位移区分开。为了解决这个问题，我们使用了多尺度，延时显微镜和粒子图像测速法来计算组织位移场。免疫标记的纤连蛋白被用作定量组织移位的原位标记。通过同时对荧光标记的中胚层细胞和周围的细胞外基质进行成像，我们能够直接分离出胃泌尿过程中细胞置换的主动和被动成分。我们的结果揭示了以下内容：（Con）对流组织运动对总细胞移位有显着贡献，必须减去以测量真正的细胞自主移位； （ⅱ）从PS退出后，细胞自主排量逐渐减少； （ⅲ）颅－尾（头对尾）细胞自主运动梯度不断增加，尾细胞主动地离开PS的速度快于颅细胞。这些研究表明，在胚胎的某些区域中，总的中胚层细胞移位主要是由于对流组织的运动。因此，这些数据对于理解温血胚胎中的细胞指导机制和组织形态发生具有深远的意义。

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