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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans
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Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans

机译：化石人类中小脑和新皮质的相互进化

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Human brain evolution involved both neurological reorganization and an increase in overall brain volume relative to body mass. It is generally difficult to draw functional inferences about the timing and nature of brain reorganization, given that superficial brain morphology recorded on fossil endocasts is functionally ambiguous. However, the cerebellum, housed in the clearly delineated posterior cranial fossa, is functionally and ontologically discrete. The cerebellum is reciprocally connected to each of 14 neocortical regions important to human cognitive evolution. Cerebellar volume varies significantly relative to overall brain volume among mammalian orders, as well as within the primate order. There is also significant diachronic variation among fossil human taxa. In the australopithecines and early members of the genus Homo, the cerebral hemispheres were large in proportion to the cerebellum, compared with other hominoids. This trend continued in Middle and Late Pleistocene humans, including Neandertals and Cro-Magnon 1, who have the largest cerebral hemispheres relative to cerebellum volume of any primates, including earlier and Holocene humans. In recent humans, however, the pattern is reversed; the cerebellum is larger with respect to the rest of the brain (and, conversely, the cerebral hemispheres are smaller with respect to the cerebellum) than in Late Pleistocene humans. The cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres appear to have evolved reciprocally. Cerebellar development in Holocene humans may have provided greater computational efficiency for coping with an increasingly complex cultural and conceptual environment.
机译：人脑进化既涉及神经系统的重组，也涉及相对于体重的整体脑容量的增加。鉴于记录在化石内铸物上的浅层大脑形态在功能上是模棱两可的，因此通常很难得出关于大脑重组的时间和性质的功能推论。但是，小脑位于功能清晰的颅后颅窝中，在功能和本体上都是离散的。小脑与14个对人类认知进化重要的新皮质区域相互关联。小脑体积相对于哺乳动物种群之间以及灵长类动物种群内的整体大脑体积而言有显着差异。化石人类分类群之间也存在明显的历时差异。与其他类人猿相比，在南方人猿和人属早期成员中，大脑半球与小脑的比例较大。这种趋势在中晚更新世人类中继续存在，包括尼安德特人和Cro-Magnon 1，相对于所有灵长类动物的小脑体积，大脑半球数量最多，包括早期人类和全新世人类。但是，在最近的人类中，这种模式是相反的。与晚更新世相比，小脑相对于大脑的其余部分更大（相反，小脑相对于大脑半球较小）。小脑和脑半球似乎相互进化。全新世人类的小脑发育可能为应对日益复杂的文化和概念环境提供了更高的计算效率。

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