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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand
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Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand

机译：用古老的DNA重建已灭绝的鸟类进化的速度和方式：新西兰的巨型莫阿斯

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摘要

The tempo and mode of evolution of the extinct giant moas of New Zealand remain obscure because the number of lineages and their divergence times cannot be estimated reliably by using fossil bone characters only. We therefore extracted ancient DNA from 125 specimens and genetically typed them for a 658-bp mtDNA control region sequence. The sequences detected 14 monophyletic lineages, 9 of which correspond to currently recognized species. One of the newly detected lineages was a genetically divergent form of Megalapteryx originally described as a separate species, two more were lineages of Pachyornis in southern and northeastern New Zealand, and two were basal lineages of South Island Dinornis. When results from genetic typing and previous molecular sexing were combined, at least 33.6% of the specimens were incorrectly classified. We used longer sequences of the control region and nine other mtDNA genes totaling 2,814 base pairs to derive a strongly supported phylogeny of the 14 moa lineages. Molecular dating estimated the most recent common ancestor of moas existed after the Oligocene drowning of New Zealand. However, a cycle of lineage-splitting occurred ≈4-10 million years ago, when the landmass was fragmented by tectonic and mountain-building events and general cooling of the climate. These events resulted in the geographic isolation of lineages and ecological specialization. The spectacular radiation of moa lineages involved significant changes in body size, shape, and mass and provides another example of the general influence of large-scale paleoenvironmen-tal changes on vertebrate evolutionary history.
机译：由于仅通过化石骨骼特征无法可靠地估计谱系的数量及其发散时间，新西兰已灭绝的巨型莫阿斯的发展速度和发展模式仍然不为人所知。因此，我们从125个标本中提取了古代DNA，并对其进行了658-bp mtDNA控制区序列的基因分型。该序列检测到14个单系谱系，其中9个对应于当前公认的物种。新发现的血统之一是遗传多样性的Megalapteryx形式，最初被描述为一个单独的物种，另外两个是Pachyornis血统在新西兰南部和东北部，另外两个是南岛Dinornis的基础血统。当将基因分型和先前的分子性别鉴定结果结合起来时，至少有33.6％的标本被错误分类。我们使用更长的控制区序列和其他9个mtDNA基因（共2814个碱基对）来获得14种moa谱系的有力支持的系统发育。分子测年法估计，在新西兰渐新世溺水之后，存在着最近的moas共同祖先。但是，在大约4-10百万年前发生了沿袭分裂的循环，当时陆地由于构造和山区建设事件以及气候的总体降温而变得支离破碎。这些事件导致世系和生态专业化的地理隔离。 Moa谱系的引人入胜的辐射涉及身体大小，形状和质量的显着变化，并提供了大规模古环境变化对脊椎动物进化史的一般影响的另一个示例。

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