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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Geography, biogeography, and why some countries are rich and others are poor
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Geography, biogeography, and why some countries are rich and others are poor

机译：地理，生物地理，以及为什么某些国家富裕而另一些国家却贫穷

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摘要

The most important event in human economic history before the industrial revolution was the Neolithic transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to sedentary agriculture, beginning approximate to10,000 years ago. The transition made possible the human population explosion, the rise of non-food-producing specialists, and the acceleration of technological progress that led eventually to the industrial revolution. But the transition occurred at different times in different regions of the world, with big consequences for the present-day economic conditions of populations indigenous to each region. In this article, we show that differences in biogeographic initial conditions and in geography largely account for the different timings of the Neolithic transition and, thereby, ultimately help account for the 100-fold differences among the prosperity of nations today. The effects of biogeography and geography on the wealth of nations are partly mediated by the quality of present-day institutions but also are partly independent of institutional quality. [References: 29]
机译：在工业革命之前，人类经济史上最重要的事件是新石器时代从游牧式采伐者生活方式向久坐农业的过渡，这一过程始于大约10,000年前。过渡使得人口爆炸，非食品生产专家的崛起以及技术进步的加速成为可能，最终导致了工业革命。但是这种转变发生在世界不同地区的不同时间，对每个地区的土著居民的当今经济状况产生了重大影响。在本文中，我们表明，生物地理学初始条件和地理环境的差异在很大程度上解释了新石器时代过渡的不同时机，从而最终帮助解释了当今国家繁荣之间的100倍差异。生物地理学和地理学对国家财富的影响部分地由当今机构的质量来调节，但也部分地与机构质量无关。 [参考：29]

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