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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Giant tortoises are not so slow: Rapid diversification and biogeographic consensus in the Galapagos
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Giant tortoises are not so slow: Rapid diversification and biogeographic consensus in the Galapagos

机译：巨型乌龟并不那么慢：加拉巴哥群岛迅速的多样化和生物地理共识

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摘要

Isolated oceanic archipelagos have played a major role in the development of evolutionary theory by offering a unique setting for studying spatial and temporal patterns of biological diversification. However, the evolutionary events that cause associations between genetic variation and geography in archipelago radiations are largely unknown. This finding is especially true in the Galapagos Islands, where molecular studies have revealed conflicting biogeographic patterns. Here, we elucidate the history of diversification of giant Galapagos tortoises by using mtDNA sequences from 802 individuals representing all known extant populations. We test biogeographic predictions based on geological history and assess the roles of volcano emergence and island formation in driving evolutionary diversification. Patterns of colonization and lineage sorting appear highly consistent with the chronological formation of the archipelago. Populations from older islands are composed exclusively of endemic haplotypes that define divergent monophyletic clades. Younger populations, although currently differentiated, exhibit patterns of colonization, demographic variation and genetic interchange shaped by recent volcanism. Colonization probably occurs shortly after a volcano emerges through range expansion from older volcanoes. Volcanism can also create temporal shifts from historical to recurrent events, such as promoting gene flow by creating land bridges between isolated volcanoes. The association of spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation with geophysical aspects of the environment can best be attributed to the limited dispersal and migration of tortoises following an oceanographic current. The endangered giant Galapagos tortoises represent a rapid allopatric radiation and further exemplify evolutionary processes in one of the world's greatest natural laboratories of evolution.
机译：孤立的海洋群岛通过为研究生物多样性的时空格局提供独特的环境，在进化理论的发展中发挥了重要作用。然而，在群岛辐射中引起遗传变异与地理之间关联的进化事件还是未知之数。这一发现在加拉帕戈斯群岛尤其如此，那里的分子研究揭示了相互矛盾的生物地理模式。在这里，我们通过使用来自代表所有已知现存种群的802个个体的mtDNA序列，阐明了加拉帕戈斯巨龟的多样化历史。我们根据地质历史记录对生物地理学的预测进行测试，并评估火山爆发和岛屿形成在推动进化多样化方面的作用。殖民化和宗族分类的模式似乎与群岛的时间顺序高度一致。来自较老岛屿的种群仅由地方性单倍型组成，这些单倍型定义了不同的单系进化枝。尽管目前处于分化状态，但较年轻的人群表现出殖民化，人口变化和最近的火山活动塑造的基因互换的模式。通过从较老的火山的范围扩展，火山出现后不久就可能发生殖民化。火山活动还可能造成从历史事件到周期性事件的时间变化，例如通过在孤立的火山之间建立陆桥来促进基因流动。遗传变异的时空格局与环境的地球物理方面的关联，可以最好地归因于海流之后乌龟的有限散布和迁移。濒临灭绝的加拉帕戈斯巨龟代表着快速的异源辐射，并进一步例证了世界上最大的自然进化实验室之一的进化过程。

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