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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface
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Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface

机译：昆虫滑水：猪笼草的猪笼草利用蠕虫捕获了猎物，蠕虫是完全可润湿的水润滑的各向异性表面

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摘要

Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes have highly specialized leaves adapted to attract, capture, retain, and digest arthropod prey. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of insects, ranging from slippery epicuticular wax crystals to downward-pointing lunate cells and alkaloid secretions that anesthetize insects. Here we report that perhaps the most important capture mechanism has thus far remained overlooked. It is based on special surface properties of the pitcher rim (peristome) and insect "aqua-planing." The peristome is characterized by a regular microstructure with radial ridges of smooth overlapping epidermal cells, which form a series of steps toward the pitcher inside. This surface is completely wettable by nectar secreted at the inner margin of the peristome and by rain water, so that homogenous liquid films cover the surface under humid weather conditions. Only when wet, the peristome surface is slippery for insects, so that most ant visitors become trapped. By measuring friction forces of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) on the peristome surface of Nepenthes bicalcarata, we demonstrate that the two factors preventing insect attachment to the peristome, i.e., water lubrication and anisotropic surface topography, are effective against different attachment structures of the insect tarsus. Peristome water films disrupt attachment only for the soft adhesive pads but not for the claws, whereas surface topography leads to anisotropic friction only for the claws but not for the adhesive pads. Experiments on Nepenthes alata show that the trapping mechanism of the peristome is also essential in Nepenthes species with waxy inner pitcher walls.
机译：猪笼草属的猪笼草具有高度专业化的叶子，适合于吸引，捕获，保留和消化节肢动物的猎物。已经提出了几种捕获昆虫的机制，从光滑的表皮蜡状晶体到指向下端的月桂细胞和麻醉昆虫的生物碱分泌物。在这里，我们报告说，也许到目前为止，最重要的捕获机制仍然被忽略了。它基于投手轮缘（peristome）和昆虫“水上滑行”的特殊表面特性。 Peristome的特征是具有规则的微观结构，具有平滑重叠的表皮细胞的放射状脊，这些脊形成向着水罐内部的一系列台阶。该表面完全被在蠕动内缘分泌的花蜜和雨水完全润湿，因此在潮湿天气条件下，均匀的液膜覆盖了该表面。仅当湿润时，蠕虫的蠕动表面才会滑倒，使大多数蚂蚁访客被困住。通过测量Weaver ants（Oecophylla smaragdina）在双齿猪笼草的Peristome表面上的摩擦力，我们证明了防止昆虫附着到Peristome上的两个因素，即水润滑和各向异性表面形貌，可以有效地抵抗昆虫的不同附着结构睑板。蠕动水膜仅破坏软粘合垫的附着力，而不破坏爪的附着力，而表面形貌仅导致爪的各向异性摩擦，而不会导致粘合垫的各向异性摩擦。猪笼草的实验表明，在具有蜡质内壁的猪笼草中，蠕动的诱捕机制也很重要。

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