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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Recurrent evolution of herbivory in small, cold-climate lizards: Breaking the ecophysiological rules of reptilian herbivory
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Recurrent evolution of herbivory in small, cold-climate lizards: Breaking the ecophysiological rules of reptilian herbivory

机译：在寒冷的小气候蜥蜴中草食动物的反复进化：打破爬行动物草食动物的生态生理规则

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摘要

Herbivory has evolved in many groups of vertebrates, but it is rare among both extinct and extant nonavian reptiles. Among squamate reptiles, (lizards, snakes, and their relatives), <2% of the >7,800 species are considered to be herbivorous, and herbivory is restricted to lizards. Here, we show that within a group of South American lizards (Liolaemidae, approximate to170 species), herbivory has evolved more frequently than in all other squamates combined and at a rate estimated to be >65 times faster. Furthermore, in contrast to other herbivorous lizards and to existing theory, most herbivorous liolaemids are small bodied and live in cool climates. Herbivory is generally thought to evolve only in reptile species that are large bodied, live in warm climates, and maintain high body temperatures. These three well known "rules" of herbivory are considered to form the bases of physiological constraints that explain the paucity of herbivorous reptile species. We suggest that the recurrent and paradoxical evolution of herbivory in liolaemids is explained by a combination of environmental conditions (promoting independent origins of herbivory in isolated cool-climate regions), ecophysiological constraints (requiring small body size in cool climates, yet high body temperatures for herbivores), and phylogenetic history. More generally, our study demonstrates how integrating information from ecophysiology and phylogeny can help to explain macroevolutionary trends.
机译：草食动物在许多种类的脊椎动物中都有发展，但是在绝种和现存的非禽类爬行动物中都很少见。在鳞状爬行动物（蜥蜴，蛇及其亲属）中，> 7,800个物种中有不到2％被认为是草食性的，而草食只限于蜥蜴。在这里，我们表明，在一组南美蜥蜴（蜥蜴科，大约170个物种）中，食草动物的进化比所有其他鳞茎动物的进化更为频繁，并且估计速度要快65倍以上。此外，与其他食草蜥蜴和现有理论相反，大多数食草蜥蜴体型较小，生活在凉爽的气候中。通常认为，食草仅在体大，生活在温暖的气候中并保持较高体温的爬行动物中进化。这三个众所周知的食草“规则”被认为是形成生理限制的基础，这些解释解释了草食性爬行动物物种的匮乏。我们建议，liolaemids的草食动物的反复和自相矛盾的演化可以通过以下几种环境条件（在孤立的凉爽气候区域促进草食动物的独立起源），生态生理限制（在凉爽的气候中需要较小的体形，但较高的体温）来解释草食动物）和系统发育史。更广泛地说，我们的研究表明，整合来自生态生理学和系统发育学的信息如何有助于解释宏观进化趋势。

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