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Technologies and Magnitude of Ancillary Services Provided by Commercial Buildings

机译：商业建筑提供辅助服务的技术和规模

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摘要

Commercial buildings increasingly include technologies capable of providing ancillary services to electric power grids. Features include thermal energy storage inherent in building structures that can be coupled to electric grids through heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems controlled by variable-speed drives (VSDs). In parking garages, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are connected to the building power lines through charging stations and can be utilized as grid storage. System power electronics can control equipment power demand at frequencies associated with ancillary services procured in electricity markets, where services dispatch over time scales ranging from hours to seconds. Limitations in provision of services by buildings include building-scale thermal and electrical energy storage capacities: thermal comfort of occupants, state of charge of PEV batteries, and the power rating of VSDs and PEV chargers. This paper reviews available technologies and necessary control strategies for HVAC systems in commercial buildings to provide ancillary services. We then develop physically-based scaling metrics for building thermal storage technologies accessible through HVAC systems. In addition, the effect of ancillary services provided by HVAC systems on grid network and electricity market operations is analyzed using simulation case studies, incorporating magnitude scaling of services. We finally evaluate a possibility that the HVAC systems and PEVs provide three-phase voltage and power balance regulation services, respectively.
机译：商业建筑越来越多地包含能够为电网提供辅助服务的技术。其功能包括建筑结构固有的热能存储，可通过变速驱动器（VSD）控制的供暖，通风和空调（HVAC）系统将其耦合到电网。在停车场中，插电式电动汽车（PEV）通过充电站连接到建筑物的电源线，可用作电网存储。系统电力电子设备可以控制与电力市场中采购的辅助服务相关的频率下的设备功率需求，在这些市场中，服务的分配时间范围从数小时到数秒不等。建筑物提供服务的限制包括建筑物规模的热能和电能存储容量：居住者的热舒适性，PEV电池的充电状态以及VSD和PEV充电器的额定功率。本文回顾了商业建筑中HVAC系统的可用技术和必要的控制策略，以提供辅助服务。然后，我们开发基于物理的缩放指标，以构建可通过HVAC系统访问的热存储技术。此外，使用模拟案例研究分析了HVAC系统提供的辅助服务对电网和电力市场运营的影响，并结合了服务的规模缩放。我们最终评估了HVAC系统和PEV分别提供三相电压和功率平衡调节服务的可能性。

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