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UPCONVERSION LASER PROCESSES

机译：上转换激光过程

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Pump processes that produce upconversion laser emission in trivalent rare earth ion-doped gain media are described, and the performance of upconversion lasers pumped by these processes is reviewed. Sequential two-photon absorption upconversion, cooperative energy transfer upconversion and photon avalanche upconversion are discussed in relation to the production of visible laser emission. Using Er:YALO as an example, the specific energy flow pathways for each of these pump processes are described in detail. Experimental results are presented for laser emission in Er:YALO pumped by sequential two-photon absorption, cooperative energy transfer and photon avalanche upconversion. The spectral and temporal dependence of upconversion emission is reviewed and experimental evidence for photon avalanche upconversion in Er: YALO is presented. The laser oscillation conditions including gain and loss are related to upconversion lasers using a three-level ion kinetics model. Rate equations are presented that illustrate the impact of various competing pump processes on the upconversion laser output. Upconversion laser emission under Q-switched operation is discussed and equations for optimum output coupling are presented. The design considerations for efficient upconversion laser resonators and pump optics are addressed. Upconversion laser results obtained over the past three decades are reviewed. The laser performance obtained for crystals doped with trivalent Pr, Nd, Er and Tm ions is discussed. Sensitized upconversion using Yb ion co-doping is described and results obtained for Yb-Er and Yb-Ho upconversion lasers are summarized. Upconversion fiber laser development is also reviewed and details are presented for room temperature upconversion laser emission using ZBLAN fibers doped with trivalent Pr, Nd, Ho, Er and Tm ions. The effect of upconversion processes on the efficiency and operation of conventional lasers is discussed. Upconversion pumping involving the upper laser level is shown to increase the laser threshold power and lower the optical conversion efficiency. Upconversion pumping involving the lower laser level of a self-terminating transition lowers the terminal level lifetime. The conditions are described under which upconversion pumping can enable cw laser operation on a self-terminating transition. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
机译：描述了在三价稀土离子掺杂增益介质中产生上转换激光发射的泵浦工艺，并综述了由这些工艺泵浦的上转换激光器的性能。讨论了与可见激光发射的产生有关的顺序双光子吸收上转换，协同能量传递上转换和光子雪崩上转换。以Er：YALO为例，详细描述了这些泵过程中每个过程的特定能量流路。通过连续的两个光子吸收，协同能量转移和光子雪崩上转换，泵浦了Er：YALO中的激光发射实验结果。审查了上转换发射的光谱和时间相关性，并提出了Er：YALO中光子雪崩上转换的实验证据。包括增益和损耗在内的激光振荡条件与使用三级离子动力学模型的上转换激光器有关。给出了速率方程，该方程说明了各种竞争的泵浦过程对上转换激光输出的影响。讨论了Q开关操作下的上转换激光发射，并给出了最佳输出耦合的方程。解决了高效上变频激光谐振器和泵浦光学器件的设计考虑。回顾了过去三十年来获得的上转换激光结果。讨论了掺有三价Pr，Nd，Er和Tm离子的晶体的激光性能。描述了使用Yb离子共掺杂的敏感的上转换，并总结了Yb-Er和Yb-Ho上转换激光器获得的结果。还回顾了上转换光纤激光器的发展，并介绍了使用掺有三价Pr，Nd，Ho，Er和Tm离子的ZBLAN光纤进行室温上转换激光器发射的细节。讨论了上转换过程对常规激光器的效率和操作的影响。显示出涉及较高激光水平的上转换泵浦会增加激光阈值功率并降低光学转换效率。上转换抽运涉及自终止过渡的较低激光能级，会降低终端能级寿命。描述了条件，在该条件下上转换泵浦可以使cw激光器在自终止转换上运行。由Elsevier Science Ltd发布

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