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Conditioning, Expectancy, and the Placebo Effect: Comment on Stewart-Williams and Podd (2004)

机译:条件,期望和安慰剂效应:评论Stewart-Williams和Podd(2004)

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摘要

Classical conditioning is included as a component in the response expectancy model of placebo responding. Though introspectable when attention is drawn to them, expectancies need not be in awareness while guiding behavior. Most placebo effects are linked to expectancies, and classical conditioning is one factor (but not the only factor) by which these expectancies can be produced and altered. Conditioned placebo effects without expectancies exist but are relatively rare in humans. The adaptive advantage of cognition is increased response flexibility. For it to convey that benefit, however, it must be capable of overriding the influence of simpler automatic processes. Thus, the higher up the phylogenetic scale, the smaller the role of nonconscious conditioning processes and the larger the role of cognition.
机译:经典条件作为安慰剂响应的预期响应模型的组成部分包括在内。尽管在引起注意时是自省的,但是在指导行为时,期望不必在意识中。大多数安慰剂作用与预期有关,而经典条件是产生和改变这些预期的一个因素(但不是唯一因素)。存在无预期条件的安慰剂作用,但在人类中相对较少。认知的自适应优势是增加了响应灵活性。但是,为了使其具有这种优势,它必须能够克服更简单的自动过程的影响。因此,系统发育尺度越高,无意识调节过程的作用越小,认知的作用就越大。

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  • 来源
    《Psychological Bulletin》 |2004年第2期|p. 341-343|共3页
  • 作者

    Irving Kirsch;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269-1020;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 心理学;
  • 关键词

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