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Fracture Toughness Evaluation Based on Tension-softening Model and its Application to Hydraulic Fracturing

机译：基于张力软化模型的断裂韧性评估及其在水力压裂中的应用

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This paper discusses the applicability of the tension-softening model in the determination of the fracture toughness of rocks, where the fracture toughness evaluated based on the tension-softening model is compared with the crack growth resistance deduced from laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests. It is generally accepted that the fracture process is dominated by the growth of a fracture process zone for most types of rocks. In this study, the J-integral based technique is employed to determine the fracture toughness of Iidate granite on the basis of the tension-softening model, where compact tension specimens of different dimensions were tested in order to examine the specimen size effect on the measured fracture toughness. It was shown that the tension-softening relation deduced from the J-integral based technique allowed us to determine the specimen size independent fracture toughness K c of Iidate granite. Laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests were performed on cubic specimens (up to a 10 m sized specimen), where cyclic pressurization was conducted using a rubber-made straddle packer to observe the extent of the hydraulically induced crack. The experimental results of pressure and crack length were then used to construct the crack growth resistance curve based on the stress intensity factor K. The crack growth resistance obtained from the hydraulic fracturing tests was observed to initially increase and then level off, giving a constant K value for a long crack extension stage. The plateau K value in the crack growth resistance curve was found to be in reasonable agreement with the fracture toughness K c deduced from the tension-softening relation. It was demonstrated that the tension-softening model provides a useful tool to determine the appropriate fracture toughness of rocks, which may be applicable for the analysis of the process of large-scale crack extension in rock masses.
机译：本文讨论了拉伸软化模型在确定岩石断裂韧性方面的适用性，将基于拉伸软化模型评估的断裂韧性与实验室规模的水力压裂试验推导的抗裂纹扩展性进行了比较。对于大多数类型的岩石，断裂过程主要由断裂过程区的增长所主导。在这项研究中，基于J积分的技术被用于在拉伸软化模型的基础上确定Iidate花岗岩的断裂韧性，在该模型中测试了不同尺寸的致密拉伸试样，以检验试样尺寸对被测物体的影响。断裂韧性。结果表明，从基于J积分的技术推论得出的拉伸软化关系使我们能够确定Iidate花岗岩的试样尺寸独立断裂韧性K c 。实验室规模的水力压裂试验是在立方试样（最大为10 m的试样）上进行的，其中使用橡胶制跨骑式封隔器进行循环加压以观察水力引起的裂缝的程度。然后将压力和裂纹长度的实验结果用于基于应力强度因子K构造裂纹扩展阻力曲线。观察到通过水力压裂测试获得的裂纹扩展阻力先增大然后趋于平稳，得出常数K延长裂纹扩展阶段的价值。发现在抗裂纹扩展曲线中的高原K值与从拉伸软化关系推导的断裂韧性K c 合理地一致。结果表明，张力软化模型为确定合适的岩石断裂韧性提供了有用的工具，可用于分析岩体中大规模裂纹扩展过程。

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