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On the Effects of Non-planar Geometry for Blind Thrust Faults on Strong Ground Motion

机译：推力断层非平面几何对强地面运动的影响

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— We quantify the effects of complex fault geometry on low-frequency (<1 Hz) strong ground motion using numerical modeling of dynamic rupture. Our tests include the computation of synthetic seismograms for several simple rupture scenarios with planar and curved fault approximations of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. We use the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) to compute the dynamic rupture process, which includes the normal stress effects along the curved fault geometries. The wave propagation and computation of synthetic seismograms are modeled using a fourth-order finite-difference method (FDM). The near-field ground motion is significantly affected by the acceleration, deceleration and arrest of rupture due to the curvature of the faults, as well as the variation in directivity of the rupture. For example, a 6-km-long hanging-wall or footwall splay with a maximum offset of 1 km can change 1-Hz peak velocities by up to a factor of 2-3 near the fault. Our tests suggest that the differences in waveform are larger on the hanging wall compared to those on the footwall, although the differences in amplitude are larger in the forward rupture direction (footwall). The results imply that kinematic ground motion estimates may be biased by the omission of dynamic rupture effects and even relatively gentle variation in fault geometry, and even for long-period waves.
机译：—我们使用动态破裂的数值模型来量化复杂断层几何形状对低频（<1 Hz）强地面运动的影响。我们的测试包括针对1994年Northridge地震的平面和弯曲断层近似的几种简单破裂情景的合成地震图的计算。我们使用边界积分方程法（BIEM）来计算动态破裂过程，其中包括沿弯曲断层几何形状的法向应力影响。使用四阶有限差分法（FDM）对波的传播和合成地震图的计算进行建模。由于断层的曲率以及破裂方向的变化，近场地面运动受到破裂的加速，减速和阻止的显着影响。例如，在断层附近，最大偏移量为1 km的6 km长的悬壁或底盘八角可以改变1-Hz峰值速度，最高可达断层的2-3倍。我们的测试表明，尽管在前向破裂方向（下盘）上振幅的差异较大，但与下盘上的波形相比，上盘的波形差异更大。结果表明，运动地震动估计可能会因缺少动态破裂效应甚至断层几何形状甚至是相对长周期波而略微变化而受到偏差。

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