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首页> 外文期刊>Qualitative research journal >Using a three-stage focus group design to develop questionnaire items for a mass survey on corruption and austerity: a roadmap
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Using a three-stage focus group design to develop questionnaire items for a mass survey on corruption and austerity: a roadmap

机译：使用三阶段焦点小组设计，为腐败和紧缩调查开发调查问卷项目：路线图

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摘要

Purpose -This article presents focus groups as a method to enhance questionnaire design to frame and test items for a mass survey on corruption and austerity in democracy. Such methodology lacks systematization when it comes to the description of implementation procedures and the discussion of effective contribution to the development of survey questions on sensitive topics. The objective of this article is to contribute to the specialized literature on corruption by offering a novel focus group approach and a roadmap to guide researchers in the field when using this methodology to develop questionnaire items. This hands-on guide can be adaptable to other (survey) studies on issues prone to social desirability bias. Design/methodology/approach - This article proposes an innovative multi-technique (short questionnaire, visual stimuli and exploratory discussion with expert moderation) focus group approach to collect informal impressions about corruption and austerity. By developing a focus group design through the combination of different research techniques, the authors were able to triangulate reflexive, spontaneous and interactive qualitative bottom-up information about individual perceptions and reactions to sensitive topics. By describing how to implement these groups, other than discussing what type of qualitative information can be extracted from these discussions and to what effect, the authors seek to present a hands-on guide that can be replicated and adapted to similar studies. This roadmap will help researchers to test individual perceptions and reactions to sensitive topics through the use of tailored focus groups in order to enhance the quality of survey questionnaires prior to engaging in a high-cost fieldwork. Findings - The article concludes that the adoption of the multi-technique focus group approach to requalify and test questions for a nationwide survey gives us a better understanding of the many ethical dilemmas individuals confront when thinking about and expressing their views on sensitive topics prone to social desirability bias. The proposed multi-technique focus group approach proved to be effective to engage participants during sessions and to obtain relevant and unanticipated information for the development of new questionnaire items and the reviewing of old ones. Research limitations/implications - Implementing Focus Group (FG) in regions with different cultural traditions and levels of development and contrasting the perceptions, values and attitudes of two generations, with different formative backgrounds is not an easy task. In order to secure the adequate number and type of participants, the Focus Group were organized in close collaboration with four higher education institutions and two lifelong learning programs where the sessions took place. Participation was voluntary and consented, in accordance with the applicable legislation and standards for social research. Practical implications - The article presents an accessible and adaptable roadmap to researchers working in the field of corruption studies as well as anticorruption government agencies and CSOs interested in enhancing the quality of survey questionnaires on sensitive topics target of social desirability before engaging in a high-cost fieldwork and to describe relevant information that can be extracted from the discussions held. Social implications - Most cross-country surveys on corruption tend to use basic/traditional measures to assess the phenomenon, such as questions on extension, acceptability and/or experience. They take almost for granted that people have the same understanding of this complex construct, which may not hold true, as the focus group discussions illustrate. The three-stage focus group design aims to improve the quality of a survey design regarding people's attitudes, perceptions and experiences of corruption in democracy, by contributing to the development of new questions that tap into the relationship between social condemnation and the individual's socic-economic conditions. Originality/value - The article provides a low-cost combination of qualitative-oriented (questionnaire development through focus groups) with a quantitative-oriented research tool (mass survey implementation) to meet mixed-method research objectives and enhance the ability to capture several "non-statistical" dimensions of complex social phenomena that are often neglected when a single-methodology approach is used.
机译：目的是 - 这篇文章将焦点小组作为一种加强调查表设计的方法，以框架和测试民主腐败和紧缩调查的质量调查。当涉及实施程序的描述以及对敏感主题的调查问题的发展的有效贡献讨论时，这种方法缺乏系统化。本文的目标是通过提供新颖的重点小组方法和路线图，为使用此方法制定调查问卷项目时，通过提供新的重点小组方法和路线图来指导现场研究人员的专业文献。这种实践指南可以适应其他（调查）关于易于社会贫乏偏见的问题的研究。设计/方法/方法 - 本文提出了一种创新的多技术（简短问卷，视觉刺激和探索性讨论，与专家适度）焦点集团方法可以收集腐败和紧缩的非正式印象。通过使用不同的研究技术的组合开发焦点组设计，作者能够将关于个体认知和对敏感主题的反应进行反射，自发和互动的自下而上的自下而上的信息。通过描述如何实现这些组，除了讨论可以从这些讨论中提取什么类型的定性信息以及什么效果，该作者寻求展示可以复制和适应类似研究的动手指南。这条路线图将通过使用量身定制的焦点小组来帮助研究人员通过使用量身定制的焦点组来测试对敏感主题的个人看法和反应，以便在参与高价实地工作之前提高调查问卷的质量。调查结果 - 该文章的结论是，通过多技术焦点集团方法，为全国范围的调查提供保存和测试问题，让我们更好地了解许多道德困境，在思考和表达他们对社会敏感主题的敏感主题的看法时对抗。偏向偏见。拟议的多技术焦点集团方法证明是有效的参与会议期间参与参与者，并获得新的问卷项目和审查旧问卷项目的相关和意外信息。研究限制/影响 - 在不同文化传统和发展水平的地区实施焦点集团（FG）和两代人的观念，价值观和态度，不同的形成性背景并不一件容易的任务。为了确保足够的数量和类型的参与者，焦点集团于与四个高等教育机构和两个终身学习计划密切合作，举行会议。根据适用的立法和社会研究标准，参与是自愿和同意的。实际意义 - 本文对在腐败研究领域的研究人员提供了一个可访问和适应的路线图以及有兴趣提高敏感调查问卷质量的反腐败政府机构和CSO，在获得高成本之前FieldWork和描述可以从讨论中提取的相关信息。社会影响 - 腐败的大多数跨国调查往往使用基本/传统措施来评估现象，例如关于扩展，可接受性和/或经验的问题。随着焦点小组讨论说明，他们几乎认为人们对这种复杂的构造具有同样的理解，这可能不会持有这一复杂的构造。三阶段焦点集团设计旨在提高民主腐败腐败的态度，看法和经验的调查设计的质量，通过促进挖掘社会谴责与个人社区经济之间的关系的新问题条件。原创性/价值 - 本文提供了定性化的（通过焦点小组的问卷发展）的低成本组合，具有定量导向的研究工具（大规模调查实施），以满足混合方法研究目标并增强捕获几个“的能力”在使用单方法方法时通常被忽略的非统计“尺寸。

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