The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age

Stammers Rhiannon C.; Caruana Matthew V; Herries Andy I. R.

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The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age

机译：Kromdraai的第一个骨骼工具和Drimolen的石材工具，以及骨骼工具在南非早期石器时代的地位

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An apparently unique part of the Earlier Stone Age record of Africa are a series of bone tools dated to between similar to 2 and similar to 1 Ma from the sites of Olduvai in East Africa, and Swartkrans, Drimolen and Sterkfontein in South Africa. The South and East African bone tools are quite different, with the South African tools having a number of distinct characters formed through utilisation, whereas the East African tools are flaked tools that in some cases mirror stone tool production. The South African bone tools currently consists of 108 specimens from the three sites above. They have been interpreted as being used for digging into homogenous grained soil to access high quality food resources, or as a multi-purpose tools. It has generally been assumed that they were made by Paranthropus robustus, as this species is most often associated with bone tool bearing deposits, especially when high numbers occur. However, early Homo is also found at these sites. Here we report on two fossils from the Paranthopus robustus site of Kromdraai B, which has only yielded one stone tool to date, that have the same characteristic wear patterns as the bone tools identified at other sites. We also describe a small collection (N = 6) of the first stone tools recovered from the bone tool and Paranthropus and early Homo bearing site of Drimolen Main Quarry. These discoveries further increase the association between bone and stone tool technologies in the South African Earlier Stone Age. However, there remains no direct correlation between the occurrence of bone or stone tools and a particular species being found at the different sites. We then review the place of these bone tools within the South African archaeological record. They appear to be a consistent part of the South African record for around a million years or so between similar to 2.3 and similar to 0.8 Ma. While they change little over this time, they occur with both Oldowan and Acheulian assemblages.

机译：在非洲早期石器时代的记录中，一个明显独特的部分是一系列骨工具，其年代在东非的Olduvai以及南非的Swartkrans，Drimolen和Sterkfontein，大约在2 Ma至1 Ma之间。南非和东非的骨骼工具截然不同，南非的工具通过利用形成了许多不同的特征，而东非的工具是片状工具，在某些情况下与石材工具的生产相似。南非的骨骼工具目前由上述三个地点的108个标本组成。它们被解释为用于挖掘均质的土壤以获取高质量的食物资源，或被用作多功能工具。通常认为它们是由健壮的拟南芥制成的，因为该物种最常与带有骨工具的沉积物有关，特别是当数量很高时。但是，在这些地点也发现了早期的人。在这里，我们报道了来自Kromdraai B的Paranthopusrobusus遗址的两种化石，迄今为止它们仅产生了一种石器，其磨损特征与在其他场所发现的骨骼工具相同。我们还描述了从Drimolen Main Quarry的骨工具，副节肢动物和早期人承窝点回收的第一批石器工具的少量收藏品（N = 6）。这些发现进一步增强了南非早期石器时代的骨骼和石器技术之间的联系。但是，骨骼或石器的出现与在不同地点发现的特定物种之间没有直接关联。然后，我们回顾这些骨骼工具在南非考古记录中的位置。它们似乎是南非记录的一贯成分，大约在一百万年之间（类似于2.3到>相似于0.8 Ma）。尽管它们在这段时间内变化不大，但它们同时存在于Oldowan和Acheulian组合中。

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《Quaternary International》 |2018年第30期|87-101|共15页
作者
Stammers Rhiannon C.; Caruana Matthew V; Herries Andy I. R.;
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作者单位

La Trobe Univ, Dept Archaeol & Hist, Palaeosci Labs, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia;

Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geog Archaeol & Environm Studies, Archaeol Dept, Private Bag 3, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa;

La Trobe Univ, Dept Archaeol & Hist, Palaeosci Labs, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia;

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正文语种 eng
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关键词
Paranthropus robustus; Early Stone Age; Karst; Bone tools; Acheulian; Oldowan; Palaeocave; Stone tools;

机译：刺旁健壮;石器时代早期;喀斯特;骨工具;Acheulean;Oldowan;古洞穴;石器;

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3. QUANTIFYING 3D MICRO-SURFACE CHANGES ON EXPERIMENTAL STONES USED TO BREAK BONES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EARLY STONE AGE POUNDING TOOLS [J] . A. BENITO-CALVO, A. ARROYO, L. SáNCHEZ-ROMERO, Archaeometry . 2018,第Pta3期

机译：定量3D微观表面改变用于打破骨骼的实验石头及其对早期石阶击打工具分析的影响
4. Sowing and Tending Seeds of Change in a Field of Stone: System Dynamics-Based Spatial Visualization and Dialogue-Informed System Dynamics as Public Engagement-Enhancing Resource Management Tools in Door County Wisconsin [C] . Larry Smith, Roy Aiken, Andrew Jones, International Conference of System Dynamics Society . 2001

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5. Landscape Variability in Tool-Use and Edge Damage Formation in South African Middle Stone Age Lithic Assemblages. [D] . Schoville, Benjamin J. 2016

机译：南非中石器时代岩性组合中工具使用和边缘破坏形成中的景观变异性。
6. Identifying animal taxa used to manufacture bone tools during the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu South Africa: Results of a CT-rendered histological analysis [O] . Justin Bradfield -1

机译：识别南非西布杜中石器时代用于制造骨骼工具的动物类群：CT渲染的组织学分析结果
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age

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