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首页> 外文期刊>Quaternary International >Ancient runoff farming and soil aggradation in terraced wadi fields (Negev, Israel): Obliteration of sedimentary strata by ants, scorpions and humans
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Ancient runoff farming and soil aggradation in terraced wadi fields (Negev, Israel): Obliteration of sedimentary strata by ants, scorpions and humans

机译：梯田旱田田间沟壑耕地（Negev，以色列）：蚂蚁，蝎子和人类的沉积地层的消除

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摘要

Ancient terraced fields in ephemeral stream valleys in the Negev desert enabled farming based on runoff water from local rainfall. The runoff was captured by stone terrace walls, which were built across suitable wadis in various archaeological periods. Runoff floods added not only water to the fields but also fine sediment. However, alluvial stratification is usually absent in such terraced wadi fields. Why? We addressed this question at the rural archaeological site of Horvat Haluqim in the central Negev highlands. Our geoarchaeological excavations in Area 3 of Terraced Field 12 revealed the existence of laminar alluvial stratification, but only in the upper 5 cm. Micromorphology showed a gradual decline in the preservation of laminae with depth. Radiocarbon dating showed that the upper 50 cm of the terrace soil accumulated during the past 1300 years. Therefore, the average aggradation rate seems about 0.4 mm/year, similar to modern sedimentation measurements. We found evidence for bioturbation, particularly by ants and scorpions, in the terraced wadi fields at Horvat Haluqim. Scorpions evict the soil crumbs, excavated from the subsoil, on one side of the crescent -shaped entrance to their burrows. Ants, on the other hand, place the excavated soil crumbs all around the entrance to their underground nest. Besides bioturbation, human soil disturbance by farming is far more destructive to alluvial stratification. Hoeing and ploughing (tillage) can erase alluvial laminae from the surface to a depth of about 10 cm in one farming season. Clear evidence of ancient farming activities in Area 3 was found in darker soil layers from a depth of 45 cm-92 cm. Laminar alluvial strata have not survived in these layers. Micromorphology revealed fine charcoal, bone and pottery fragments, interpreted as kitchen/household refuse added as fertilizer to the aggrading soil surface. In addition, non -burned dung fragments and non -charred spherulites were found, indicating also the use of animal dung as manure. Darker soil layers have a lower bulk density and a high porosity with an extremely large amount of fine pores, probably ancient root channels of barley or wheat. Though runoff flows kept adding laminated alluvial layers to the aggrading terraced wadi fields, the fine laminae ( initial facies ) did not endure the tooth of time. They were gradually obliterated by bioturbation and/or rapidly erased by human farming ac- tivities (tillage and manuring), so that laminae are non-existent in the ultimate facies of the aggrading sediment - soil in agricultural terraced wadi fields.
机译：古老露台的领域在短暂的小河谷在内耐候荒漠的谷物，使农业基于径流水从地方降雨。径流被石露台墙壁捕获，在各种考古时期，在合适的瓦迪斯建造。径流洪水不仅添加了田地的水，而且还添加了细沉积物。然而，在这样的露台的旱田中通常不存在冲积分层。为什么？我们在中央Neev高地的Horvat Haluqim农村考古遗址解决了这个问题。我们在梯田12的区域3中的地磁挖掘揭示了层流激增分层，但仅在5厘米处存在。微晶表明，薄层的保存逐渐下降。 RadioCarbon约会表明，在过去的1300年中累积了露台土壤的50厘米。因此，平均收入率似乎约为0.4毫米/年，类似于现代沉降测量。我们在Horvat Haluqim的露台的Wadi领域中发现了生物扰动，特别是蚂蚁和蝎子的证据。蝎子会使土壤面包屑从底土上挖掘，在新月形的一侧的洞穴入口处。另一方面，蚂蚁将挖掘的土屑放在地下巢穴的入口处。除了生物扰动，农业的人类土壤干扰还具有更具吸血性分层的破坏性。锄头和耕种（耕作）可以在一个农业季节中从表面抹去冲积薄膜到约10厘米的深度。在深度较小的土壤层中，在45厘米-92厘米的深度较暗的土壤层中发现了清晰的古农业活动证据。层压出的地层没有幸存下来。微晶显示出细木炭，骨骼和陶器碎片，被解释为厨房/家庭垃圾作为肥料到肥料到肥料的土壤表面。此外，发现不燃烧的粪碎片和非约束的球晶，表明使用动物粪为粪便。较暗的土层具有较低的堆积密度和高孔隙率，具有极大的细毛孔，可能是大麦或小麦的古老根渠道。虽然径流流量保持将层压的冲积层添加到加法的梯田瓦迪领域，但细薄层（初始相）没有忍受时间牙齿。它们逐渐被生物相关和/或通过人类耕作和耕种的快速删除，因此在农业露台的瓦迪领域的加重沉积物 - 土壤中的最终相，薄层是不存在的。

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