Predictions of the biological and health effects of space radiation depend considerably on data obtained experimen- tally. There are not adequate data for the carcinogenic effects of protons, heavy ions or higher energy neutrons. Similarly, there are inadequacies in the data required for the assessment of the probability of the occurrence and severity of deterministic effects. Risk estimates are required for the design of spacecraft that ensure adequate shielding without increasing the weight of the Spacecraft unnecessarily. Risk estimates are also required for a practical and acceptable radiation protection programme.
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