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History-Based Secure Routing Protocol to Detect Blackhole and Greyhole Attacks in Opportunistic Networks

机译：基于历史的安全路由协议，用于检测机会网络中的黑洞和灰洞攻击

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Background: Routing in opportunistic networks is subject to attacks such as blackhole and gray-hole attacks. A blackhole attack is a type of attack where the malicious node called blackhole node attracts all the data packets by using a forged route to falsely claim that it has a shortest route to the destination, then drops all the data packets that it receives. On the other hand, a greyhole attack is a kind of denial of service attack where a malicious node in the network acts as a normal node, causing eaves dropping and selective forwarding. Blackhole and greyhole attacks in opportunistic networks have been extensively studied in the literature and several defence mechanisms against those attacks have been proposed. This paper adds a novel contribution to this problem by proposing a novel secured protocol (so-called SHBPR) against such attacks. Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose a novel design of a secure routing protocol to defend against blackhole and greyhole attacks in opportunistic networks. Method: The proposed method relies on our recently proposed History Based Routing scheme for Opportunistic Networks (HBPR), which uses the behavioral information of the nodes to make predictions about their movements in the network. This predicted information is used to find and select the best next hop node that can contribute to route the message to the destination based on an utility metric. The protection against blackhole and grayhole attacks is achieved by means of two phases, namely, the training phase and testing phase. In the training phase, all the nodes show normal behavior, i.e. there is no blackhole or greyhole node present in the network. At the end of this phase, each node calculates its average forwarding time and floods it in the network. In the testing phase, blackhole and greyhole nodes are introduced and their detection depends on the trust factors and deviation from the ideal forwarding time respectively. Results: The performance of SHBPR is evaluated using the Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator, under varying the number of nodes, varying the number of malicious nodes, and varying the message generation interval, considering the number of messages delivered, the number of messages dropped, the average detection time, and the number of false positives as performance metrics. The results obtained show that our proposed SHBPR outperforms the HBPR protocol (chosen as benchmark) in terms of messages delivered, messages dropped, number of malicious nodes detected, and average detection time. In addition, the proposed protocol is effective even when the number of messages propagated in the network is reduced. Conclusion: In this paper, a secure HBPR protocol (called SHBPR) is introduced, which can be used to mitigate blackhole and greyholes attacks in opportunistic networks. A trust factor and a deviation from the average forwarding time of nodes are used as patterns to detect the blackholes and greyholes respectively.
机译：背景：机会网络中的路由容易受到黑洞和灰洞攻击等攻击。黑洞攻击是一种攻击类型，其中称为黑洞节点的恶意节点通过使用伪造路由错误地声称其具有到目的地的最短路由，从而吸引所有数据包，然后丢弃其接收到的所有数据包。另一方面，灰孔攻击是一种拒绝服务攻击，网络中的恶意节点充当普通节点，导致屋檐掉落和选择性转发。文献中已经对机会网络中的黑洞和灰洞攻击进行了广泛研究，并提出了针对这些攻击的几种防御机制。本文针对这种攻击提出了一种新颖的安全协议（所谓的SHBPR），为这一问题做出了新的贡献。目的：本文的目的是提出一种新颖的安全路由协议设计，以防御机会网络中的黑洞和灰洞攻击。方法：提出的方法依赖于我们最近提出的机会网络基于历史的路由方案（HBPR），该方案使用节点的行为信息来预测它们在网络中的运动。此预测的信息用于查找和选择最佳的下一跳节点，该节点可以根据效用度量来有助于将消息路由到目标。防止黑洞和灰洞攻击的保护是通过两个阶段实现的，即训练阶段和测试阶段。在训练阶段，所有节点均显示正常行为，即网络中不存在黑洞或灰洞节点。在此阶段结束时，每个节点都会计算其平均转发时间，并将其淹没在网络中。在测试阶段，引入了黑洞和灰洞节点，它们的检测分别取决于信任因素和与理想转发时间的偏差。结果：使用机会网络环境（ONE）模拟器评估了SHBPR的性能，其中考虑了传递的消息数，消息数，在变化的节点数，变化的恶意节点数和变化的消息生成间隔下下降率，平均检测时间和误报数量作为性能指标。获得的结果表明，我们提出的SHBPR在传递的消息，丢失的消息，检测到的恶意节点数量和平均检测时间方面优于HBPR协议（被选择为基准）。另外，即使减少了在网络中传播的消息数量，所提出的协议也是有效的。结论：本文介绍了一种安全的HBPR协议（称为SHBPR），可用于缓解机会网络中的黑洞和灰洞攻击。信任因子和与节点平均转发时间的偏差分别用作检测黑洞和灰洞的模式。

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