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The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia

机译：西班牙帝国：历史百科全书

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The rise of the Spanish Empire is perhaps one of the most remarkable events in global history. Spain as a nation did not really exist until it began forging its empire. It was only toward the end of the fifteenth century that the foundations of a unified Spanish state were laid with the marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon. It was not until 1492, the same year as Columbus famously "sailed the ocean blue", that the last remnants of Islamic rule on the Iberian Peninsula were extinguished with the conquest of the emirate of Granada. Within 40 years, large chunks of the Americas had fallen under Spanish control. By the later years of the sixteenth century at its zenith under Philip II, Spain controlled territories in five continents. In addition to its extensive possessions in both Americas, it ruled the Philippine archipelago, the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa and various parts of Europe. The first global superpower, Spain's strength began to dwindle almost as soon as it reached its peak. Underlying economic weaknesses combined with various political and social conflicts undermined the Empire so that by the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in the early nineteenth century, most of the American colonies were in the process of being lost. At the close of the same century, a rising USA had wrested control of the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam. This left a few remnant possessions in Africa, the largest of which (then called Spanish Sahara) was given up in 1975, the same year as Franco died. At present, if we disregard the Balearic Islands, Spain's territories outside the Iberian Peninsula are the Canary Islands and two enclaves in northern Morocco, Ceuta and Melilla.
机译：西班牙帝国的崛起也许是全球历史上最杰出的事件之一。直到它开始建立自己的帝国之前，西班牙作为一个国家才真正存在。直到15世纪末，卡斯蒂利亚的伊莎贝拉（Isabella）和阿拉贡的费迪南德（Ferdinand）的婚姻才奠定了西班牙统一国家的基础。直到1492年，即哥伦布著名的“风帆蓝色”，同年，随着格拉纳达酋长国的征服，伊比利亚半岛上的伊斯兰统治的最后残余被扑灭。在40年内，美洲的大部分地区都落入了西班牙的控制之下。到16世纪后期，在腓力二世（Philip II）统治下的鼎盛时期，西班牙控制了五大洲的领土。除了在美洲和美洲拥有广泛的财产外，它还统治着菲律宾群岛，非洲沿岸的加那利群岛和欧洲各地。作为第一个全球超级大国，西班牙的实力几乎在达到顶峰后就开始减少。潜在的经济弱点以及各种政治和社会冲突共同破坏了帝国，因此，到19世纪初期拿破仑入侵西班牙之时，大多数美国殖民地都在流失。在同一世纪末，一个崛起的美国控制了菲律宾，古巴，波多黎各和关岛。这在非洲留下了一些剩余财产，其中最大的财产（当时称为西班牙撒哈拉沙漠）在1975年佛朗哥去世的同一年被放弃。目前，如果我们无视巴利阿里群岛，西班牙在伊比利亚半岛以外的领土是加那利群岛和摩洛哥北部的两个飞地，休达和梅利利亚。

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