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Exploring trade-offs among indicators of performance and environmental impact in livestock areas

机译：探索畜牧业绩效和环境影响指标之间的权衡

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Assessing the sustainability of livestock production involves understanding trade-offs among indicators of performance and environmental impact at multiple levels (i.e. animal, farm, regional, global). To date, most studies have focused on animal/farm levels. There is a need to move towards a regional level where several livestock species and plant resources combine, along with biophysical and socioecological characteristics. The objective of this study was (i) to assess the performance and environmental impact across livestock-dominated areas in France and (ii) to identify and explore trade-offs among performance/impact indicators. A set of indicators was derived from an inventory of nitrogen (N) flows computed across 48 French departments. Analysis of indicator relationships revealed trade-offs for which spatial decomposition was mapped. At the level of the 48 departments, gains in livestock N use efficiency and animal source food production often compromised other dimensions: N surplus and N self-sufficiency. These trade-offs suggested how unlikely are simultaneous gains in provision of animal source food and low environmental impact (i.e. decreased N surplus). The spatial decomposition of trade-offs showed that a few areas achieved moderate levels of animal source food at high livestock N use efficiency and high N self-sufficiency, along with low levels of environmental impacts (low N surplus and low N excretion emissions). These findings highlight the importance of areas emphasizing grazing, where livestock transforms human-inedible resources into high-quality animal source food with high production performance and low environmental impact. Our results show that improvement of sustainability requires a solution for the regional level in complement to the farm level.
机译：评估牲畜生产的可持续性涉及了解绩效和环境影响指标在多个层面（即动物，农场，区域，全球）之间的权衡。迄今为止，大多数研究都集中在动物/农场水平上。有必要朝着区域水平迈进，在此区域，一些牲畜物种和植物资源以及生物物理和社会生态特征相结合。这项研究的目的是（i）评估法国牲畜为主地区的绩效和环境影响，以及（ii）识别和探索绩效/影响指标之间的权衡。一组指标是根据法国48个部门的氮流量清单得出的。对指标关系的分析揭示了权衡的地方，在这些权衡中映射了空间分解。在48个部门的水平上，牲畜氮素利用效率和动物源粮食生产的收益通常会损害其他方面：氮素过剩和氮素自给。这些折衷表明，同时获得动物源食品和低环境影响（即减少的氮剩余）的可能性很小。权衡的空间分解表明，在较高的牲畜氮利用效率和较高的氮自给率的同时，少数地区实现了中等水平的动物源性食物，同时对环境的影响也较低（低氮剩余量和低氮排泄排放量）。这些发现突出了强调放牧的地区的重要性，在这些地区，牲畜将人类不可食用的资源转化为具有高生产性能和低环境影响的优质动物源食品。我们的结果表明，要想提高可持续发展能力，就必须在区域一级解决方案，以补充农场一级。

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