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Effectiveness of Natura 2000 areas for environmental protection in 21 European countries

机译：Natura 2000地区在21个欧洲国家中的环境保护成效

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摘要

To assess the dynamics of changes in CORINE Land Cover classes in areas of the Natura 2000 ecological network, three landscape metrics were examined. Traditional pixel-based classification, with majority rules aggregation based on the example of the CORINE Land Cover dataset, was applied. To identify the possible differences in the considered metrics, according to the year as well as to the country, statistical analysis between the linear mixed model and the variance model with repeated measurements was performed. The results of both tests are very similar. In the 1990-2012 period, the share of CORINE Land Cover class "Artificial areas" in all tested areas increased by 21.1% (the highest growth ratios were recorded in Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and in Spain). On the other hand, such countries as Slovakia, Romania, Germany, Lithuania and Estonia are characterised by the loss of artificial areas. At the same time, the share of "Forest and semi-natural areas" as well as "Water bodies" increased slightly. Negative trends that took place in the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2006 were effectively stopped in the subsequent period, 2006-2012. Overall, for all the analysed countries, a minimal loss in environmental and landscape diversity was observed. Our results may be used as a basis for drawing conclusions on the effectiveness of environmental and landscape management systems in various countries. They might also constitute the starting point for detailed analysis of the management process.
机译：为了评估Natura 2000生态网络区域中CORINE土地覆盖类别的变化动态，研究了三个景观指标。应用了传统的基于像素的分类，并基于CORINE Land Cover数据集的示例汇总了多数规则。为了确定所考虑的指标可能存在的差异，根据年份以及国家/地区，对线性混合模型和方差模型之间的统计分析进行了重复测量。两种测试的结果非常相似。在1990-2012年期间，在所有测试区域中，CORINE土地覆被类别“人工区域”的份额增加了21.1％（增长率最高的国家是波兰，葡萄牙，斯洛文尼亚和西班牙）。另一方面，斯洛伐克，罗马尼亚，德国，立陶宛和爱沙尼亚等国家的特点是人为区域的减少。同时，“森林和半自然区域”以及“水体”的份额略有增加。 1990-2000年和2000-2006年期间发生的负面趋势在随后的2006-2012年期间被有效地制止。总体而言，在所有分析的国家中，观察到的环境和景观多样性损失最小。我们的结果可作为得出有关各国环境和景观管理系统有效性的结论的基础。它们也可能构成对管理过程进行详细分析的起点。

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