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Agri-food-energy system metabolism: a historical study for northern France, from nineteenth to twenty-first centuries

机译：农业食品能源系统的新陈代谢：19世纪至21世纪法国北部的历史研究

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摘要

We reconstruct the metabolism of cereal grain production and processing systems in the Seine river basin at four time points between 1860 and 2010 in terms of nitrogen and energy flows, on the basis of statistical data and modeling components. We integrate agricultural, nutrient and energy issues into a joint agri-food-energy system approach. Grain production and processing grew apart from a state of high local integration on the basis of local renewable energy and nitrogen sources to a state of national-scale energy and grain market integration. The grain production volume increased 6-fold under the effect of agricultural industrialization, while the local grain processing capacity dropped along with the decrease in local flour demand. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) increased from about 50% in the nineteenth century to about 66% today, and the fossil energy inputs to the system increased from 0.05 to 0.15 GJ/GJ of flour output. Nitrogen loss is today lower than in the early-twentieth century, but its embodied fossil energy content is five times higher, highlighting potential energy benefits from further NUE increase. The energy transition to fossil fuels marked the disruption of an agro-industrial regime founded on renewable energy self-provision and biological nitrogen fixation and helped mastering the system working conditions by reducing its intermittency.
机译：我们根据统计数据和建模要素，在1860年至2010年之间的四个时间点，以氮和能量流的形式重建塞纳河流域谷物生产和加工系统的代谢。我们将农业，营养和能源问题整合到农业-食品-能源联合系统方法中。粮食生产和加工从基于当地可再生能源和氮源的高度本地一体化状态，发展到全国规模的能源和粮食市场一体化状态。在农业产业化的影响下，粮食产量增长了六倍，而当地的粮食加工能力却随着当地面粉需求的减少而下降。氮的利用效率（NUE）从19世纪的约50％增加到今天的约66％，并且系统的化石能源输入从面粉产量的0.05 GJ / GJ增加到0.15 GJ / GJ。今天的氮损失低于20世纪初，但其体现的化石能源含量高出五倍，这突出说明了NUE进一步提高所带来的潜在能源收益。能源向化石燃料的过渡标志着以可再生能源的自我供应和生物固氮为基础的农业工业制度的破坏，并通过降低其间歇性来帮助掌握系统的工作条件。

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