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Dynamics and determinants of land change in India: integrating satellite data with village socioeconomics

机译：印度土地变化的动态和决定因素：将卫星数据与乡村社会经济学相结合

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摘要

We examine the dynamics and spatial determinants of land change in India by integrating decadal land cover maps (1985-1995-2005) from a wall-to-wall analysis of Landsat images with spatiotemporal socioeconomic database for similar to 630,000 villages in India. We reinforce our results through collective evidence from synthesis of 102 case studies that incorporate field knowledge of the causes of land change in India. We focus on cropland-fallow land conversions, and forest area changes (excludes non-forest tree categories including commercial plantations). We show that cropland to fallow conversions are prominently associated with lack of irrigation and capital, male agricultural labor shortage, and fragmentation of land holdings. We find gross forest loss is substantial and increased from similar to 23,810 km(2) (1985-1995) to similar to 25,770 km(2) (1995-2005). The gross forest gain also increased from similar to 6000 km(2) (1985-1995) to similar to 7440 km(2) (1995-2005). Overall, India experienced a net decline in forest by similar to 18,000 km(2) (gross loss-gross gain) consistently during both decades. We show that the major source of forest loss was cropland expansion in areas of low cropland productivity (due to soil degradation and lack of irrigation), followed by industrial development and mining/quarrying activities, and excessive economic dependence of villages on forest resources.
机译：我们通过对Landsat图像进行逐墙分析并结合时空社会经济数据库，对印度的63万个村庄进行了研究，通过结合年代际土地覆盖图（1985-1995-2005），研究了印度土地变化的动力学和空间决定因素。我们通过收集102个案例研究的综合证据来加强我们的结果，这些案例研究结合了印度土地变化起因的现场知识。我们关注耕地－休耕地的转换以及森林面积的变化（不包括商业人工林的非森林树木类别）。我们表明，耕地向休耕地的转化与灌溉和资本的缺乏，男性农业劳动力的短缺以及土地所有权的分散相关。我们发现森林的总损失是巨大的，并且从大约23,810 km（2）（1985-1995）增加到大约25,770 km（2）（1995-2005）。森林总收益也从大约6000 km（2）（1985-1995）增加到大约7440 km（2）（1995-2005）。总体而言，在过去的两个十年中，印度的森林净减少量一直持续约18,000 km（2）（总损失-总收入）。我们表明，森林流失的主要根源是农田生产力低下（由于土壤退化和缺乏灌溉）的农田扩张，其次是工业发展和采矿/采石活动，以及村庄对森林资源的过度经济依赖。

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