From farm to gun and no way back: Habsburg gunpowder production in the eighteenth century and its impact on agriculture and soil fertility

Gueldner Dino; Krausmann Fridolin; Winiwarter Verena

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From farm to gun and no way back: Habsburg gunpowder production in the eighteenth century and its impact on agriculture and soil fertility

机译：从农场到枪支，无路可退：18世纪的哈布斯堡火药生产及其对农业和土壤肥力的影响

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Understanding the dynamics of society's physical exchange processes with the environment (society's metabolism) is a major theme of long-term socioecological research. In this paper, we adapt the concept of socioecological metabolism to analyze the competition between gunpowder production and agriculture for nitrogen (N) in the pre-industrial agro-ecosystem of Pamhagen in the late eighteenth century. Saltpeter (KNO3)-the main ingredient of gunpowder-was chemically refined from agricultural waste products, in particular manure and wood ash, which were vital for the maintenance of soil fertility. In this paper, we reconstruct nitrogen flows in the agro-ecosystem of Pamhagen and establish a nutrient balance, which allows assessing the impact of saltpeter production on agricultural soil fertility management. We find that nitrate extracted by saltpeter production in our case study was equivalent to 23 % of the total available nitrogen in manure in 1778 and 12 % in 1780. The growing demand for gunpowder and thus the artisanal production of saltpeter became influential drivers in the management of societal nitrogen flows on the local level, competing over key resources for sustaining soil fertility and leaving a substantial imprint on the nutrient budget of agricultural soils as less nitrogen was available for plant uptake.

机译：理解社会与环境（社会的新陈代谢）之间的物理交换过程的动力学是长期社会生态学研究的主要主题。在本文中，我们采用社会生态代谢的概念来分析火药生产与农业之间在18世纪后期帕姆哈根（Pamhagen）工业化前的农业生态系统中氮（N）的竞争。硝石（KNO3）-火药的主要成分-是从农业废料，尤其是粪肥和木灰中化学精制而成的，它们对于维持土壤肥力至关重要。在本文中，我们重建了帕姆哈根（Pamhagen）农业生态系统中的氮流量，并建立了养分平衡，从而可以评估硝石生产对农业土壤肥力管理的影响。我们发现案例研究中硝石生产所提取的硝酸盐相当于1778年肥料中可用氮总量的23％，1780年为12％。对火药的需求不断增长，因此硝石的手工生产成为管理中的重要驱动力氮在地方一级的流动，与维持土壤肥力的关键资源竞争，并且由于可供植物吸收的氮较少，在农业土壤的养分预算上留下了重要印记。

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来源
《Regional Environmental Change》 |2016年第1期|151-162|共12页
作者
Gueldner Dino; Krausmann Fridolin; Winiwarter Verena;
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Alpen Adria Univ Klagenfurt, Fac Interdisciplinary Studies, Inst Social Ecol, A-1070 Vienna, Austria;

Alpen Adria Univ Klagenfurt, Fac Interdisciplinary Studies, Inst Social Ecol, A-1070 Vienna, Austria;

Alpen Adria Univ Klagenfurt, Fac Interdisciplinary Studies, Inst Social Ecol, A-1070 Vienna, Austria;

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Saltpeter; Military; Soil fertility; Nutrient cycling; Environmental history; Long-term socioecological research (LTSER);

机译：硝石;军事;土壤肥力;营养循环;环境历史;长期社会生态研究（LTSER）;

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From farm to gun and no way back: Habsburg gunpowder production in the eighteenth century and its impact on agriculture and soil fertility

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