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Migration and reclamation in Northeast China in response to climatic disasters in North China over the past 300 years

机译：近三百年来华北地区因气候灾害而迁徙和开垦

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Climatic disaster-induced migration and its effects on land exploitation of new settlements is a crucial topic that needs to be researched to better understand the impact of climate change and human adaptation. This paper focuses on the process and mechanism of migrant-reclamation in Northeast China in response to climatic disasters over the past 300 years. The research used comparative analysis of key interlinked factors in this response involving drought/flood events, population, cropland area, fanner revolts, administrations establishment, and land reclamation policies. It draws the following conclusions: (1) seven peaks of migrants-reclamation in Northeast China were evident, most likely when frequent climatic disasters happened in North China, such as the drought-flood in 18511859, drought in 1875-1877, and drought 1927-1929; (2) six instances of policy transformation adopted to cope with extreme climatic events, including distinctive examples like changing to a firm policy prohibiting migration in 1740 and a subsequent lifting of that prohibition in 1860; and (3) the fast expansion of the northern agricultural boundary since the middle of the nineteenth century in this area benefited from a climate change trend from a cold period into a warm period. Altogether, over the past 300 years, extreme climatic disasters in North China have deepened the contradiction between the limited land resources and the rapidly increasing population and have resulted in migration and reclamation in Northeast China. Climate, policy,and reclamation constructed an organic chain of response that dominated the land use/cover change process of Northeast China.
机译：气候灾害引起的迁徙及其对新住区土地开发的影响是一个至关重要的主题，需要进行研究以更好地了解气候变化和人类适应的影响。本文重点探讨了东北地区近300年来因气候灾害而进行的移民复垦的过程和机制。该研究使用了关键相互关联因素的比较分析，包括干旱/洪水事件，人口，耕地面积，煽动者起义，政府机构和土地开垦政策。它得出以下结论：（1）东北地区出现了七个移民复垦高峰，最有可能发生在北方频繁发生的气候灾害中，例如18511859年的旱灾，1875-1877年的干旱和1927年的干旱-1929; （2）为应对极端气候事件而采取的六种政策转变实例，包括典型的例子，例如在1740年更改为禁止移民的坚定政策，随后在1860年取消了这一禁令； （3）自19世纪中叶以来该地区北部农业边界的快速扩张得益于从寒冷时期到温暖时期的气候变化趋势。在过去的300年中，华北地区的极端气候灾害加深了土地资源有限与人口快速增长之间的矛盾，并导致了东北地区的迁徙和开垦。气候，政策和开垦建设了一个有机的响应链，主导了中国东北土地利用/覆盖变化过程。

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