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Ecological footprints and shadows in an urban estuary, Narragansett Bay, RI (USA)

机译：罗德岛纳拉甘西特湾市区河口的生态足迹和阴影（美国）

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Because the rise of cities in North America was much later than in many other parts of the world, their connections to the hinterland were influenced early in their development by railroads and steam-powered water transport. These fossil fuel-based links made it possible to widely separate the "upstream" autotrophic supporting systems from the heterotrophic cities. Here, we take a different look at the connection between a city (Providence, RI, USA) and its supporting natural systems by focusing on the export of industrial and metabolic wastes from the city to the "downstream" coastal ecosystem in Narragansett Bay. In this way, we can track the history of a city by examining the concentrations of nutrients, metals, and hydrocarbons in the water and sediments of the estuary. In the greater Providence metropolitan area at the head of Narragansett Bay, there was rapid population and industrial expansion during the 1800s without the proper infrastructure to deal with water supply for public safety and health. On the other hand, the absence of a public water supply kept industrial and metabolic wastes largely on land. However, from the fall of 1871, on with the construction of a public water supply and sewer system, human wastes began flowing into the estuary. By reconstructing the historical record of metals and other pollutants, we illustrate clear temporal and spatial gradients of urban impact on the bay. Unfortunately, while numerous studies during the 1970s and 1980s focused on documenting metal and hydrocarbon pollution in the bay, there has been little effort to quantify the impact of mitigation efforts that have greatly reduced the input of metals and hydrocarbons to the system. Nutrient reductions are more recent and ongoing.
机译：由于北美城市的兴起要比世界上许多其他地区晚得多，因此它们与腹地的联系在铁路发展和蒸汽动力水运的早期就受到了影响。这些基于化石燃料的联系使将“上游”自养支持系统与异养城市广泛分离成为可能。在这里，我们通过关注工业和新陈代谢废物从城市到纳拉甘西特湾“下游”沿海生态系统的出口，对城市（普罗维登斯，RI，美国）与自然系统之间的联系进行了不同的研究。这样，我们可以通过检查河口水和沉积物中的养分，金属和碳氢化合物的浓度来跟踪城市的历史。在纳拉甘西特湾（Narragansett Bay）头的普罗维登斯（Providence）大都市地区，1800年代人口和工业迅速发展，没有适当的基础设施来处理公共安全和卫生用水。另一方面，由于没有公共供水，工业和新陈代谢废料大部分留在了土地上。但是，从1871年秋天开始，随着公共供水和下水道系统的建设，人类的废物开始流入河口。通过重建金属和其他污染物的历史记录，我们可以说明城市对海湾的影响的明显的时空梯度。不幸的是，尽管在1970年代和1980年代进行了许多研究，重点是记录海湾中的金属和碳氢化合物污染，但几乎没有量化量化缓解措施的影响的努力，这些措施已大大减少了系统中金属和碳氢化合物的输入。减少营养素是最近和正在进行的。

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