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Human reliability data, human error and accident models―illustration through the Three Mile Island accident analysis

机译：人的可靠性数据，人的错误和事故模型-通过三英里岛事故分析举例

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Our first objective is to provide a panorama of Human Reliability data used in EDF's Safety Probabilistic Studies, and then, since these concepts are at the heart of Human Reliability and its methods, to go over the notion of human error and the understanding of accidents. We are not sure today that it is actually possible to provide in this field a foolproof and productive theoretical framework. Consequently, the aim of this article is to suggest potential paths of action and to provide information on EDF's progress along those paths which enables us to produce the most potentially useful Human Reliability analyses while taking into account current knowledge in Human Sciences. The second part of this article illustrates our point of view as EDF researchers through the analysis of the most famous civil nuclear accident, the Three Mile Island unit accident in 1979. Analysis of this accident allowed us to validate our positions regarding the need to move, in the case of an accident, from the concept of human error to that of systemic failure in the operation of systems such as a nuclear power plant. These concepts rely heavily on the notion of distributed cognition and we will explain how we applied it. These concepts were implemented in the MERMOS Human Reliability Probabilistic Assessment methods used in the latest EDF Probabilistic Human Reliability Assessment. Besides the fact that it is not very productive to focus exclusively on individual psychological error, the design of the MERMOS method and its implementation have confirmed two things: the significance of qualitative data collection for Human Reliability, and the central role held by Human Reliability experts in building knowledge about emergency operation, which in effect consists of Human Reliability data collection. The latest conclusion derived from the implementation of MERMOS is that, considering the difficulty in building 'generic' Human Reliability data in the field we are involved in, the best data for the analyst consist of the knowledge built up through already existing probabilistic analyses.
机译：我们的首要目标是提供在EDF安全概率研究中使用的人类可靠性数据的全景图，然后，由于这些概念是人类可靠性及其方法的核心，因此我们将回顾人为错误和对事故的理解。今天我们不确定在这一领域实际上是否有可能提供一个万无一失且富有成效的理论框架。因此，本文的目的是建议潜在的行动途径，并提供有关EDF沿这些途径的进展的信息，这使我们能够在考虑人类科学方面的最新知识的同时，进行最可能有用的人类可靠性分析。本文的第二部分通过对最著名的民用核事故——1979年的三哩岛核事故-的分析，阐明了我们作为EDF研究人员的观点。对这一事故的分析使我们能够验证我们关于移动需求的立场，在发生事故的情况下，从人为错误的概念到系统运行（例如核电厂）中的系统故障的概念。这些概念在很大程度上依赖于分布式认知的概念，我们将解释如何应用它。这些概念已在最新的EDF概率人类可靠性评估中使用的MERMOS人类可靠性概率评估方法中实现。除了仅关注个人的心理错误不是很有效的事实之外，MERMOS方法的设计及其实现还证实了两件事：定性数据收集对于人类可靠性的重要性，以及人类可靠性专家的核心作用建立有关应急操作的知识，实际上包括人类可靠性数据收集。从实施MERMOS得出的最新结论是，考虑到在我们涉及的领域中构建“通用”人类可靠性数据的难度，因此，为分析师提供的最佳数据包括通过现有概率分析积累的知识。

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