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Economic implications of thermal energy storage for concentrated solar thermal power

机译：热能存储对集中式太阳能热能的经济影响

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Solar energy is an attractive renewable energy source because the sun's energy is plentiful and carbon-free. However, solar energy is intermittent and not suitable for base load electricity generation without an energy backup system. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is unique among other renewable energy options because it can approach base load generation with molten salt thermal energy storage (TES). This paper describes the development of an engineering economic model that directly compares the performance, cost, and profit of a 110-MW parabolic trough CSP plant operating with a TES system, natural gas-fired backup system, and no backup system. Model results are presented for 0-12 h backup capacities with and without current U.S. subsidies. TES increased the annual capacity factor from around 30％ with no backup to up to 55％ with 12 h of storage when the solar field area was selected to provide the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Using TES instead of a natural gas-fired heat transfer fluid heater (NG) increased total plant capital costs but decreased annual operation and maintenance costs. These three effects led to an increase in the LCOE for PT plants with TES and NG backup compared with no backup. LCOE increased with increasing backup capacity for plants with TES and NG backup. For small backup capacities (1-4 h), plants with TES had slightly lower LCOE values than plants with NG backup. For larger backup capacities (5-12 h), plants with TES had slightly higher LCOE values than plants with NG backup. At these costs, current U.S. federal tax incentives were not sufficient to make PT profitable in a market with variable electricity pricing. Current U.S. incentives combined with a fixed electricity price of $200/MWh made PT plants with larger backup capacities more profitable than PT plants with no backup or with smaller backup capacities. In the absence of incentives, a carbon price of $100-5160/tonne CO_(2eq) would be required for these PT plants to compete with new coal-fired power plants in the U.S. If the long-term goal is to increase renewable base load electricity generation, additional incentives are needed to encourage new CSP plants to use thermal energy storage in the U.S.
机译：太阳能是一种有吸引力的可再生能源，因为太阳的能源丰富且不含碳。但是，太阳能是间歇性的，如果没有能源备份系统，则不适用于基本负荷发电。集中式太阳能（CSP）在其他可再生能源选项中是独一无二的，因为它可以通过熔融盐热能存储（TES）接近基本负荷的产生。本文介绍了一种工程经济模型的开发，该模型可直接比较运行有TES系统，天然气备用系统和无备用系统的110兆瓦抛物线槽式CSP电厂的性能，成本和利润。给出了有或没有美国现行补贴的0-12小时备用容量的模型结果。当选择太阳能场区域以提供最低水平的能源成本（LCOE）时，TES将年产能因子从无备份的30％左右增加到12小时的存储的55％。使用TES代替天然气传热流体加热器（NG）会增加工厂的总资本成本，但会降低年度运营和维护成本。与没有备份相比，这三种影响导致具有TES和NG备份的PT工厂的LCOE有所增加。随着具有TES和NG备份的工厂的备份容量的增加，LCOE也随之增加。对于小的备用容量（1-4小时），带有TES的工厂的LCOE值比带有NG备用的工厂低。对于更大的备用容量（5-12小时），带有TES的工厂的LCOE值比带有NG备用的工厂略高。以这些成本计算，当前的美国联邦税收激励措施不足以使PT在具有可变电价的市场中获利。美国目前的激励措施加上200美元/兆瓦时的固定电价，使得具有较大备用容量的PT工厂比没有备用或较小备用容量的PT工厂更有利可图。在缺乏激励措施的情况下，如果这些长期目标是增加可再生能源的基本负荷，则这些PT工厂要与美国的新建燃煤电厂竞争，其碳价将为100-5160美元/吨CO_（2eq）。发电，还需要其他激励措施来鼓励新的CSP工厂在美国使用热能存储

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